Biofilm can be defined as matrix-embedded bacterial population adhered to a surface or to each other (Jahan and Holley skin care 30s order betnovate 20gm line, 2014) acne jokes betnovate 20 gm cheap. The adhesion of bacteria to surface is the first and essential stage in the formation of biofilm skin care images 20gm betnovate overnight delivery. The initial stage of bacterial adhesion was reported to be a reversible because of the weakness of the interactions between bacteria and surfaces however this stage becomes irreversible as a result of anchoring by appendages and/or production of extracellular polymers mainly exopolysaccharides acne quick treatment buy 20gm betnovate with mastercard. This adhesion depends on both physicochemical properties of cell surface skin care equipment buy cheap betnovate 20gm on line, and also on characteristics of the surrounding medium (Hamadi et al skin care 7 purchase betnovate 20 gm without prescription. Milk skin care khobar 20 gm betnovate, the main raw material dealt with at dairies zone stop acne - buy betnovate 20 gm mastercard, is very good growth medium for bacteria. According to the literature, biofilm problems in the dairy process have been found in air-handling systems, cooling systems, milk transfer lines, on conveyors, in packaging machines, in heat exchangers, on ultra-filtration surfaces, in mixers, tanks and other equipment, on floor and in drains (Salo et al. It has also been found that biofilm cells of bacteria were more resistant than planctonic cells to disinfectants containing. The aim of this study was therefore to test the ability of enterococci to adhere on glass surface in environment with different content of milk residues and then to evaluate efficacy of 2 commercial sanitizers (alkaline and acidic) used in milk production. In the second part of this work, efficacy of two commercial sanitizers was tested on enterococci adhered on glass plates. The sanitation solutions were prepared and tested according to manufacturer recommendations (concentrations 0. Both tested sanitizers are commonly used for sanitation of machine and equipments processing milk. The glass plates with adhered enterococci, obtained as explained previously, were immersed into 4 mL of each sanitation solution for 20 min. Numbers of enterococci adhered on glass plates in environment with different content of milk residues are in Table 1. The biofilm forming capability of Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel and glass surface verify Marques et al. Higher number of biofilm forming strains of the Enterococcus faecium (33%) than Enterococcus faecalis (28%) has been registered. Table 1 shows effect of different concentrations of milk residues in environment to adhesion of enterococci on glass surface. It can be concluded that increase of milk residues in environment, paradoxically decreased the adhesion of enterococci on glass surface. The differences between compared numbers of enterococci were not statistically significant (p >0. With Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Serratia marcescens cells, attachment was reduced to levels <20% of clean surface values. In contrast, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fragi cells adhered in small numbers to the clean stainless steel surface, with less than 1 organisms per held of view, making any effect of protein film difficult to assess. The adhesion results were interpreted in terms of hydrophobicity and electron donor/electron acceptor properties of both surfaces (cell surface, stainless steel surface). Tables 2 and 3 show the effect of alkaline and acidic sanitation solutions, respectively, on enterococci adhered on glass plates. The values of reduction of enterococci adhered on glass after application of acidic sanitation solution decrease with increase of milk residues content in environment which glass plates were in contact. Effectiveness of acidic sanitation solution obviously decreased presence of milk residues. They found out that sanitizers containing chlorine are more effective than acidic sanitizers based on peracetic acid or mixture of peracetic and peroxyoctanoic acid against Campylobacter jejuni in biofilms. The efficiency of sanitizers: hydrogen peroxide, sodium dichloroisocyanurate and peracetic acid on formation of biofilm by Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel and glass surfaces tested Marques et al. They found also a weaker powerful of acidic sanitation solution in comparing with alkaline. It may be concluded that obtained results contribute to the better understanding of enterococci adhesion as initial phase of forming biofilm. Results also indicate that adhered enterococci can survive sanitation process, especially by using acidic sanitation solutions and in environment with residues of milk. In food and especially in dairy industry it is necessary to prevent biofilm formation and the contamination of food undesirable microorganisms by thorough cleaning and sanitation 4. The risks of enterococci biofilm formation not consist only in food contamination but also in possibility of antibiotic resistance genes transfer or other virulence factors. Virulence factors among enterococci isolated from traditional fermented meat products in North of Portugal. Evaluation of the efficacy of commercial sanitizers against adhered and planktonic cells of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. Species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci isolated from broilers infected experimentally with Eimeria spp and fed with diets containing different suplements. Surface conditioning of stainless steel coupons with skim milk solutions at different pH values and its effect on bacterial adherence. Antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm forming capacity of enterococci isolated from food of animal origin. The evaluation of enterococci ability to form biofilm and survive the process of sanitation in vitro. Quantitative adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel coated with milk. Taxonomy, ecology and antibiotic resistance of enterococci from food and the gastro-intestinal tract. Antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from raw foods of animal origin in South West part of Slovakia. Biofilm formation on polystyrene under different temperatures by antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from food. Formation of biofilms by Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel and glass surfaces and its resistance to some selected chemical sanitizers. Molecular detection of virulence factors among food and clinical Enterococcus faecalis strains in South Brazil. Identification of lactobacilli with inhibitory effect on biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria on stainless steel surfaces. Non-starter lactic acid bacteria used to improve cheese quality and provide health dx. Effectiveness of chemical sanitizers against Campylobacter jejuni containing biofilms. Differences in biofilm formation and Contact address: virulence factors between clinical and faecal enterococcal isolates of human and animal origin. Virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and bacteriocins in enterococci from artisan foods of animal origin. Hormone insulin lowers blood glucose to its constant level, while glucagon, growth hormone, adrenalin and glucocorticoids have the opposite effect. High steepness of the blood glucose level rise after meals may be unfavourable for the organism. Sugars are transferred into the blood at different speeds according to the type of food. Therefore the aim of this study was to confirm experimentally the effect of food on blood glucose levels in men and women of different ages. All volunteers were healthy, slightly overweight, and without any regular sporting activity. None of them had any idea about their daily carbohydrates consumption and what the term glycaemic index meant. One hour after consuming food the blood glucose values were significantly different from the values of fasting (p = 0. Keywords: glycaemia; glycaemic index; age; gender; time after consumption Blood sugar (blood glucose) levels in the human body are normally maintained by regulatory mechanisms within a constant range. Many factors affect these levels including physical activity, psychological stress, drugs, cyclical changes in metabolites during the day, week, month and year, pregnancy, age, gender and race. Insulin acts by means of homeostatic mechanism and lowers blood glucose to its constant level, while glucagon, growth hormone, adrenalin and glucocorticoids have the opposite effect. Blood sugar level usually reaches a maximum within 30 to 60 minutes after meal consumption to approximately 6. The composition, content and type of carbohydrates, and also its processing technology, cooking method and the length of storage can influence blood glucose levels. Carbohydrates are transferred into the blood at different speeds according to the type of food and the type of carbohydrate present. If the blood sugar raises slowly it can be gradually transferred into the cells and therefore does not contribute to the development of undesirable complications (Frost and Dornhorst, 2005). This can be used for the prevention and treatment of some chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus or obesity. Postprandial rise of glucose also corresponds to the decrease of antioxidants in blood serum. This indicates some differences between men and women in relation to a diet with a high glycemic index and the development of obesity. One men and one woman of the same age were allocated into one of four groups (35, 45, 55 and 65 years). The results showed that none of them had any idea about their daily carbohydrates consumption and what the term glycaemic index meant. Sampling was carried out using a finger glucometer (AccuChek Performa Combo, Roche Ltd. The glycemic index was determined in the blood before the meal consumption, 1 h and 2 h after the consumption of 50 g of selected food. Altogether there were obtained 432 results (from 8 persons, 6 different foods measured three times in 3 intervals: 0, 1 and 2 h). Statistical analysis the data obtained were analysed using statistical software Statistica 12. An interaction between age and gender was also statistically highly significant (p 0. The blood glucose level was above the limit values for the average healthy person in case of older volunteers, which may indicate a greater likelihood of health complications including diabetes (Frost and Dornhorst, 2000). L -1] Figure 1 the blood glucose levels of fasting volunteers from different age groups. According to the literature, blood glucose levels return to the fasting baseline usually within 2 hours after food consumption. In this study, however, there was still significant difference between the values after 2 h and fasting level (p = 0. The values after 2 h were also statistically different from those after 1 hour (p 0. Different responses of men and women after consumption of food were not demonstrated. Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load, blood lipids, and coronary heart disease. The relevance of the glycemic index to our understanding of dietary carbohydrates. Effect of low- and high-glycemic-index meals on metabolism and performance during high-intensity, intermittent exercise. The effect of a low-glycemic diet vs a standard diet on blood glucose levels and macronutrient intake in children with type 1 diabetes. This program requires the farm operators to monitor and investigate the invasive types of Salmonella (S. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed in order to provide in-depth epidemiological assessment of salmonellosis cases in Trencin region in relation to selected characters: etiological agens, transmission mechanism, age, location as well as seasonality of infection. It poses a fundamental problem in the production of eggs intended for consumers (Dev et al. Salmonella has long been recognised as an important zoonotic pathogen of economic significance in animals and humans. More than 2500 serovars of zoonotic Salmonella exist and the prevalence of the different serovars changes over time. Today, reliable identification of many serotypes is performing by different analytical methods, from microbiological and biochemical ones (Mirmomeni et al. The common reservoir of Salmonella is the intestinal tract of a wide range of domestic and wild animals which result in a variety of foodstuffs covering both food of animal and plant origin as sources of infections (Latimer et al. When specific control programs are performed, variations in the progress of these programs might follow a geographic pattern, leading to spatial heterogenity. However, climate may affect maintenance and transmission of Salmonella, and wildlife may act as a source of infection. Under these circumstances and considering that information on geographical location is available, spatial analysis can be considered as a key step in epidemiology. The objectives include generating hypotheses on the risk factors and on processes underlying the transmission of infections (Nabila et al. In this regard, since 1 January 2008 Slovakia has implemented the National control program of Salmonella infections in laying hen flocks (Gallus gallus) producing eggs for human consumption. It monitors the incidence of Salmonella in rearings and their possible transfer to table eggs. The aim is to reduce the incidence of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium (including monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strains with the antigenic formula 1,4, [5], 12: i:-) in adult laying hens of Gallus gallus, which is determined as an annual reduction of positive flocks of adult laying hens by at least 10%, if the prevalence in the preceding year was less than 10%. Based on the parameters arised from our results we chosed the Wilcoxon signed-rank test which is a non-parametric statistical hypothesis test. Since 2008, Slovakia has implemented the National control program of Salmonella infections (S. Control programs consist of effective measures to prevent, detect and control Salmonella on whole production line in processing of eggs mainly at the level of primary production to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella and risk to public health. A similar prevalence was detected in Slovakia, among collected 1491 samples, in 14 positive cases the prevalence was determined 0. The number of samples taken was up to five times lower than in the previous year, which could affect the results. The overall prevalence of positive samples at laying hen flocks in Slovakia in 2013 was 1. This means a total decrease since 2005, when the study was done based on the prevalence of Salmonella in laying hen flocks in the European Union and the Czech Republic ranked the fourth with the percentage of Salmonella in laying hen flocks with 65.
If proportion of alfalfa meal formed 6% of feed mixtures acne 17 year old male proven 20 gm betnovate, the acid number of fat was measured in the range of 3 skin care quiz products betnovate 20 gm sale. The differences in acid number of fat among the groups were not statistically significant (p >0 skin care by gabriela order 20gm betnovate. Slovak legislation in Title 5 of Part 3 of the Codex Alimentarius of the Slovak Republic and the Government Regulation No acne gone order betnovate 20gm visa. In particular skin care 85037 trusted betnovate 20gm, determination of free fatty acids contents of rendered animal fat (tallow skin care zits generic 20 gm betnovate with visa, lard acne zones and meaning purchase betnovate 20 gm amex, other animal fat) acne free cheap 20gm betnovate amex. Legislative regulation does not contain requirements for the quality of poultry meat, the acid number of fats of fresh or frozen poultry meat, respectively. It was demonstrated in several studies that feeding of oxidized diets to broilers resulted in negative effects on bird performance (Cabel et al. Due to the large margin of determined values, the coefficient of variation was 36. In the experimental group with proportion of 4% alfalfa meal, the acid number of fat was determined in the range of 4. In the group with proportion of 6% alfalfa meal, the acid number of fat was determined in the range of 5. Lipid oxidation is considered the main cause of quality damages related to flavor, color, taste, and nutritional composition of meat and meat products (Mielche and Bertelsen, 1994; Gray et al. Fatty acid composition determines the firmness/oiliness of adipose tissue and the oxidative stability of muscle, which in turn affects flavour and muscle colour. Free fatty acids are produced by secondary enzymatic cleavage of triglycerides (Koman et al. It is related to the degree of unsaturation, polyunsaturated fatty acids, they are more prone to oxidation than monounsaturated fatty acids. Equally he demonstrated higher susceptibility of polar lipids to oxidation as compared with neutral lipids. Lipolysis can be responsible for a decrease of content polar lipids and releasing free fatty acids. Physical agents (heat, oxygen, light) and chemical factors (content of certain metals) play an important role in the development of oxidation (Ozturk and Cakmakci, 2006). Top of lipoperoxidation is derived from the free radical, such as nitrogen dioxide (Kanner et al. A speed fat oxidation of meat also depends on the presence of a prooxidants and antioxidants (Tichivangana and Morrissey, 1985; Ruiz et al. Dietary antioxidants and storage affect chemical characteristics of -3 fatty acid enriched broiler chicken meats. Fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of beef and chicken meat in Southern Brazil. Influence of oxidized dietary oil and antioxidant supplementation on membrane-bound lipids stability in broiler meat. The effect of heat treatment on the cholesterol oxides, cholesterol, total lipid and fatty acid contents of processed meat products. Influence of different plant supplements applied in chicken nutrition on quality of their meat. The effect of dietary oregano essential oil on lipid oxidation in raw and cooked chicken during refrigerated storage. Influence of Dietary Fat Source, -Tocopherol, and Ascorbic Acid Supplementation on Sensory Quality of Dark Chicken Meat. Effects of ethoxyquim feed preservative and peroxide level on broiler performance. Influence of the Dietary Polyunsaturation Level on Chicken Meat Quality: Lipid Oxidation. Inclusion of oxidised vegetable oil in broiler diets: Its influence on nutrient balance and on antioxidative status of broilers. It is characterized by certain dietary and nutritional properties that consumer prefers. In general terms, the various food additives are currently used to maintain the food stability. We can state, on the basis of the oxidative stability results of chicken meat, that natural feed component has its justification. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid and mixed tocopherols, and packaging influences lipid stability in broiler chicken breast and leg muscle tissue. Fatty acid composition of cooked chicken meat and chicken meat products as influenced by price range at retail. Systematic reviews of the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of disease. Oxidative stability of dark chicken meat through frozen storage: influence of dietary fat and -tocopherol and ascorbic acid supplementation. Effects of different concentrations of pollen extract on brain tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Evolution of the fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of Merino lamb meat stored under different modified atmospheres. Interpretations of requirements for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin-tryptophan, and vitamin E plus comments on balance studies and vitamin B-6. Peer-reviewed paper: 10th World Conference on Animal Production South African Journal of Animal Science, vol. Influence of the oxidative quality of dietary oil on broiler meat storage stability. Effects of dietary oils and -tocopherol supplementation on lipid composition and stability of broiler meat. Effects of oxidized dietary oil and antioxidant supplementation on broiler growth and meat stability. Lipid and protein oxidation in vitro, and antioxidant potential in meat from Charolais cows finished on pasture or mixed diet. The effect of antioxidants on butter in relation to storage temperature and durativ. Effect of -carotene and vitamin E on oxidative stability in leg meat of broilers fed different supplemental fats. Consumption of thermally oxidized sunflower oil by chicks reduces a-tocopherol status and increases susceptibility of tissues to lipid oxidation. Effect of dietary vitamin E on oxidative stability, flavour, color, and volatile profiles of refrigerated and frozen turkey breast meat. Metmyoglobin and inorganic metals as pro-oxidants in raw and cooked muscle systems. Hlinku 2, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia, E-mail: maria. Hlinku 2, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia, E-mail: marek. Patulin, a toxic fungal metabolite, can be found mainly in apple and apple products, with much less frequent contamination in other food products. Because of its high incidence and harmful health effects, patulin belongs to a class of mycotoxins, which are strictly monitored. This study was designed to investigate the impact of patulin on femoral bone structure in adult male rabbits. Four month-old male rabbits were randomly divided into two groups of three animals each. Rabbits from the experimental group (group A, n=3) were intramuscularly administered with patulin at dose 10 g. The second group without patulin administration served as a control (group B, n=3). At the end of the experiment, body weight, femoral weight and length, cortical bone thickness and histological structure of femoral bones from all rabbits were determined. The results did not show any significant differences in body weight, femoral weight and length between experimental and control groups of rabbits. On the other hand, intramuscular application of patulin induced a significant increase in cortical bone thickness (p <0. In patulin-intoxicated males, the primary vascular longitudinal bone tissue was absent near endosteal border. On the other hand, this tissue occurred near periosteum and also in the middle part of the femoral bone in these rabbits. Based on these findings we can conclude that intramuscular patulin administration demonstrably influences cortical bone thickness and histological structure of femoral bone in adult male rabbits. Keywords: patulin; femoral bone; rabbit; histomorphometry Many species of fungi may produce secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins (Jay, 2000; Hosseini and Bagheri, 2012; Alexa et al. They may cause mycotoxicosis, which can result in an acute or chronic disease episode (Bryden, 2007). Mycotoxin patulin, 4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2c]pyran2(6H)-one, is produced by a number of fungi species (Bennett and Klich, 2003; Moake et al. Although patulin had originally been considered as an antibiotic, it has adverse impacts on human health (Bennett and Klich, 2003). In the study by Selmanolu (2006), some histopathological alternations were observed in the epididymis and prostate tissues in rats orally treated with patulin for 90 days. Also, patulin-induced degeneration and necrosis in liver tissues, as well as degeneration of glomeruli and haemorrhage between the tubules of the cortical region in kidney tissues were reported in male rats (Al-Hazmi, 2012). However, the effect of patulin on bone microstructure had not been studied prior to our experiment. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of patulin on selected growth characteristics (body weight, femoral weight, femoral length and cortical bone thickness) and femoral bone microstructure in male rabbits. Male rabbits were used because they are less susceptible to skeletal damage than females (Riggs et al. Clinically healthy animals were randomly divided into two groups of three individuals each. In the first group (A), adult rabbits were intramuscularly injected with patulin (10 g. At the end of the experiments, all the rabbits were euthanized, weighed and their femurs were collected for macroscopical and microscopical analyses. The quantitative (histomorphometrical) variables were assessed using the software Motic Images Plus 2. Twenty random areas were selected and average thickness was calculated for each femur. The periosteal and endosteal surfaces were formed mainly by primary vascular longitudinal bone tissue, as a basic structural pattern of all bones. The tissue was created by vascular canals, which ran in a direction essentially parallel to the long axis of the bone. Additionally, primary vascular radial bone tissue (created by branching or non-branching vascular canals radiating from the marrow cavity) was also identified in some areas near the endosteal surface. The middle part of substantia compacta was formed by dense Haversian (characterized by a large number of secondary osteons) or irregular Haversian (characterized by an occurrence of scattered secondary osteons) bone tissues (Figure 1). In rabbits exposed to patulin, an absence of the primary vascular longitudinal bone tissue near the endosteal surface was found. The periosteal surface was composed of primary vascular longitudinal bone tissue, which also occurred in some areas of the middle part of the compact bone (Figure 2). We have found that all measured variables (area, perimeter, maximum and minimum diameters) of the Haversian canals and secondary osteons did not differ between rabbits from both investigated groups. Similarly, no demonstrable alterations in the body weight gain were also reported in rats intoxicated with patulin at a dose of 0. Skeletal growth is the result of complex interplay of nutritional, genetic and hormonal factors. Regarding the hormones, essential roles in normal skeletal development play thyroid and growth hormones. It is known that growth hormone deficiency produces severe generalized failure of osteogenesis (Braverman et al. This finding could signalize that patulin administration would not have an adverse impact on body weight and weight and length of femoral bone in these animals what is in accordance with our study. Higher values for cortical bone thickness in male rabbits with patulin intoxication can be attributed to intensive formation of bone tissue within periosteal surface as an adaptive response to bone tissue against patulin toxicity. Under physiological conditions, width of bone increases with ageing due to periosteal apposition (Seeman, 2003). Periosteal bone formation can be stimulated by several agents, such as some hormones (Burr and Guillot, 2012). Parathormone is known to prevent apoptosis of periosteal osteoblasts (Jilka et al. The benefits of intermittent treatment with parathormone have been shown in experimental animals (Sato et al. Osteoporotic postmenopausal women treated with human parathyroid hormone (1-34) had higher cortical thickness of iliac crest and higher width of distal radius (Dempster et al. The young rats were administered daily within 7 days with these mycotoxins at the dose of 0. These effects are connected with altered vitamin D and parathyroid hormone metabolism (Devegowda and Ravikiran, 2008). According to Lips (2001), deficiency in vitamin D causes secondary hyperparathyroidism, which leads to increased parathormone production. On the basis of these aspects we suppose that other mycotoxins (including patulin) should also have a similar effect on the concentrations of vitamin D and parathormone, which can be connected with evident changes in cortical bone thickness. According to Cilotti and Falchetti (2009) androgens may prevent the loss of cancellous bone and also stimulate periosteal cortical bone apposition, resulting in a larger bone size and thicker cortical bone in males (Kung, 2003). It was found that testosterone increases periosteal and endosteal apposition, bone size, trabecular (Tuck and Francis, 2009) and cortical bone thickness (Gorton et al. On the other hand, a reduction in testosterone decreases the rate of periosteal bone apposition (Kung, 2003). Significant increased serum testosterone levels after patulin administration (at a dose of 0. On the basis of these aspects we propose that enlargement of bone tissue on periosteal bone surface could also be associated with patulin-modified increased testosterone concentration. The basic structural pattern of compact bone was primary vascular longitudinal in both groups of rabbits. Also, primary vascular radial and dense Haversian or irregular Haversian bone tissues were identified. In males intoxicated with patulin, an absence of the primary vascular longitudinal bone tissue near endosteal surface can be connected with intensive endosteal resorption due to patulin toxicity. On the other hand, primary vascular longitudinal bone tissue was (in some areas) present not only near the periosteal surface but also in the middle part of the compact bone. This findings point to the enhanced periosteal apposition as a compensative mechanism of bone tissue against patulin-induced bone loss from endosteal surface. Studies with liver cells or liver slices have demonstrated that patulin treatment results in glutathione depletion, which is connected with oxidative stress. Patulin-modified increased intracellular oxidative stress was reported in human embryonic kidney and human promyelocytic leukemia cells (Liu et al. Therefore, we suppose that the absence of primary vascular longitudinal tissue near the endosteal surface can be attributed to oxidative stress-induced intensive bone resorption due to patulin toxicity. This fact can be related to adverse effect of patulin on blood vessels, which are present in vascular canals of primary osteons (Greenlee and Dunnell, 2010). Recent experimental studies have demonstrated the direct action of androgens on the blood vessels. Long-term administration of testosterone may elicit harmful effects, especially vasoconstriction (Akishita and Yu, 2012). Effects of daily treatment with parathyroid hormone on bone microarchitecture and turnover in patients with osteoporosis: a paired biopsy study. Mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products: Analysis, occurrence and health implications. Medical Therapy and Health Maintenance for Transgender Men: A Guide For Health Care Providers. The current study revealed a significant effect of intramuscular application of patulin at the dose of 10 g. In addition, patulin application induced evident changes in femoral bone microstructure of these animals. Anyway, our results indicate considerable impact of patulin on macroscopical and microscopical structures of femoral compact bone in adult male rabbits.
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Depending on the equipment and methods used in the brewhouse skin care myths cheap betnovate 20 gm otc, this value may fluctuate between 0 acne bp5 buy generic betnovate 20 gm on line. The power ratings of filling columns acne brush purchase 20gm betnovate free shipping, depending on the nominal output acne wiki buy betnovate 20 gm overnight delivery, are listed in Table 27 skin care untuk kulit sensitif 20gm betnovate with amex. Here skin care heaven discount 20 gm betnovate with mastercard, the electrical performance was calculated from the installed performance acne 8o betnovate 20gm sale, using a simultaneity factor of 0 skincare for 25 year old woman betnovate 20gm low price. If these motors require an alternating current (as is common with pump engines and conveying systems), then pole-changeable engines or, even better, infinitive-speed-governing engines should be used. The use of speed-governing drives does not necessarily lead to a reduction in external peak power, but will lead to a considerable reduction in electricity costs if a wide adjustment range down to small loads can be covered. One sensible use of speed governing may be for a motor driving the combustion air blower at a boiler plant, as well as driving the engines for pumps. With dark paintwork, up to 50% more light flux may be required to provide equal illuminance. The light efficiency, the color of the light and color rendition are very important. A high lifetime of the illuminants with a simultaneous high light efficiency ensures cost-effectiveness. Artificial lights should generally only be switched on if they are specifically being used in the work areas. Work places that are exposed to daylight can be automatically adjusted to the particular lighting conditions by using light sensors and electronic controls. Whereas, a high-pressure vapor will flow without any added current, due to the pressure drop between the vapor generator and consumer, high-pressure hot water must be conveyed with pumps. The frequency and height of the peaks that occur can be determined in an operational load analysis. In addition to organizational measures, technical measures also have an effect; these include the installation of a comprehensive surveillance system that can highlight very different technical standards. Modern optimization computers, as well as energy or load management systems, will contain a trend calculation and can be programmed to specific operations. The latter enable the graphical presentation of data on a monitor, the acquisition of costs and the handling of several energy forms. An observation of the given disadvantage level is automatically accomplished by the load-shedding of consumer areas that are not absolutely necessary for the process. Most importantly, all of the performance data and switching processes can be recorded in the computer. Currently, by using block-type thermal power station engines, high electrical efficiencies (for gas up to 38%, for diesel up to 44%) can be achieved such that a good adjustment of the heat and electrical power requirements is possible. Thus, in Germany, it is now possible under certain prerequisites to operate steam power plants economically, as the Renewable Energy Law (Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz) offers an incentive with increased feed-in tariffs. It should also be mentioned here that, due to the combined production of power and heat, there is a considerably higher fuel exploitation than occurs with separate production. In the case of German breweries, the specific electrical power requirement will fluctuate between 1. For this reason, optimization of the cold supply, as well as the cold production, is of major importance. Any subsequent insulation is generally not possible, due either to a limited availability of space or to the instability of the ground. In this situation it is advantageous to use single isolated and cooled tanks rather than old cellars. There is also a noticeable disadvantage during cold production since, with a limited evaporation surface, lower evaporation and/or pre-run temperatures are required than with tank cooling. The cooling of degassed water for processes such as blending, pre-coating and non-alcoholic beverage production is also often necessary. Another consequence of a high fresh water temperature is the increased need to provide cooling water for the machinery, especially in the case of pasteurizers, when a defined product temperature must be assured at the outlet. The weekly cooling requirements for a modern, well-equipped small brewery (1500 hl/year) in a cold area of Northern Europe are shown graphically in Figure 27. An additional point relates to the auxiliary power of the coolant recirculation, which is often not adjusted according to fluctuations in cold requirement, and will be operated all year round with a constant, high electrical power requirement. There are, of course, lower limits for the condensation temperature that are due not only to the climatic conditions of the location but also to the design of the condensers. This is because coatings are easily formed on the coiled tubes of the condenser, such that the water flow rate through blocked spray nozzles is no longer sufficient. Strict attention should be paid here to maintaining the water quality of the circulation water. In fact, under a fractional load operation, and taking into consideration the auxiliary equipment, values are often reached that are far below those specified by the producer. The question of power division plays an important role with regard to investment costs, operational safety and energy requirements. A long-lasting fractional load can be avoided by closing down a piston compressor, or by valve-regulating a screw compressors. In this way, the efficiency can be noticeably reduced under a fractional load with pistons and, in particular, with a screw compressor. Consequently, as many compressors as possible should be operated at full load, and only one at fractional load, which implies the use of a centralized system with a higher ranking control. Recently, rotational speed has also been used sporadically for compressors, although this must be adjusted according to the compressor type in order to avoid damaging rotational speeds and vibrations. With poor power adjustments, fractional loads may often lead to undesirable reductions in the evaporation temperature, whereby the cooling power is reduced until equilibrium is regained. Clearly, a continuous measurement and documentation of the operational pressures should be monitored in order to identify any extreme and unfavorable operational conditions. But, if this is not the case, then it must be left to chance whether a competent person will observe any pressure changes and recognize the conditions present. The use of single isolated and cooled fermentation/storage vessels with a high insulation strength and qualitative high-grade insulation foam. The optimization of flash pasteurization plants to high back-heating values and low cold requirements. Minimizing the pump power requirements, and avoiding throttle valve and bypass regulations. Complete refreezing (if possible) of the ice storage, avoiding block ice, and not operating the stirring device on a permanent basis. For optimum production, both the concept and operation of the refrigeration system must be considered in detail, with the safety of the production unit and its power requirements playing important roles. Yet, depending on the extent of such substitution, the requirements for compressed air will fluctuate widely. The electrical power requirements to produce compressed air depend on the amount required, on the different compressed air qualities and, mainly, on the level of production pressure. Thus, a low production pressure is to be aimed at during planning, at which stage all pneumatic valves and fittings should be constructed to equate with a consumer pressure that is as low as possible. Good planning of the compressed air network is essential, as a slight pressure reduction in the network will demand a respectively lower production pressure. If References 663 a pressure in excess of 1 bar is required during production, this will require a 10% increase in compressor power. However, by employing an optimum design for the compressed air distribution network, the pressure decrease between the producer and end consumer will be less than 1 bar. Various investigations conducted in German breweries have demonstrated the potential for savings in compressed air supplies. The total network, including the attached consumers, should be regularly checked for leaks since, in some cases, simply by removing many leakages up to 0. Capacity shortages can also be removed in compressed air production, such that expansion investments can be omitted. It is quite often the case that machine operators and other personnel are simply not aware that compressed air is one of the most expensive forms of energy in the brewery. Today, compressed air production is dominated by oil-free screw or scroll compressors; however, due to their specifically reduced electrical power requirements and the simple power control with full or semi load switches, piston compressors also have a place and are used in the larger breweries. With regards to energy requirements, compressed air production plays a significant role. For example, an over-dimensioned plant will often encounter idle time such that the specific energy requirements are worsened. Hence, a knowledge of the requirement profile will form the basis of the design for an effective and efficient compressor. It presents part of nature and the production should take place in agreement with environmental friendly demands. With these requirements in mind, it should be an obligation for every brewery to be engaged with this subject. This value has been reduced by different cost-cutting measures and new technologies in recent years. This waste water is often desirable as it ensures the maintenance of the vitality of the microorganisms present that are responsible for the biological purification of the waste water. The pH value is often in the basic range due to the cleaning of bottles with caustic soda solution. This also has a positive effect on the communal sewage treatment plant since these contain mostly acidic waste waters from other industrial sectors. Negative components can be introduced into the waste water through the use of cleansers and disinfectants. In accordance with the requirements of a brewery, cleansers and disinfectants need to be highly efficient, economical and environmental friendly. The German Detergent and Cleanser Law regulates the requirement of biological degradability of surfactants. Together with the European detergent regulation, it is regulated that all surfactant-containing cleansers need to show a total degradation (mineralization) of 60%. Such substances are not present in cleansers and disinfectants, but can form from other waste water constituents if active chlorine-containing agents are used. There are many alternatives kinds of disinfectant; however, their very high effectiveness against yeast is undisputed. It is hence understandable that many breweries do not want to abandon halogenated disinfectants despite environmental concerns. Phosphates are problematic for the environment, particularly if the communal sewage treatment plant has no phosphate elimination steps. The waste water can either be (i) discharged after suitable treatment directly in a river, stream and so on (direct discharger) or (ii) dispensed to the communal sewage treatment plant (indirect discharger). The costs as an indirect discharger are regulated on a communal basis and can be vary dramatically. Often the waste water rate is composed of a basic charge and a high pollution surcharge. Biological treatment of waste water: A pre-treatment of waste water in the brewery is of importance for both the brewery and the sewage treatment plant. A homogenization as well as a first biological degradation of the pollution load is achieved. A differentiation can be made between aerobic and anaerobic pre-treatment methods: Aerobic. The problem with the anaerobic method lies in the sensitivity of the system against pH, temperature and load fluctuations. The energy demand of German industries will be reduced by 7%, whereas electric power consumption will grow. Due to abandoning nuclear power until 2020, natural gas takes on the main part with 33% of the gross electricity generation and hence lies ahead brown coal, wind energy and anthracite. There, energy saving stands in the foreground since it is economically much cheaper than energy recover. A constant control of energy consumption and energy costs is carried out by installed meters. This energy monitoring system needs constant maintenance in order to fully utilize the saving potential in this area by various optimizations. Different forms of energy-saving wort boiling systems (thin film evaporation, forced blow internal boiler). Optimization of the cooling device leads to an increase in the evaporation temperature which directly results in a reduction of the driving power. Prevention of energy loss with optimal thermal insulation (in both hot and cold areas). This form of energy usage is not only interesting from an environmental point of view, but is also economical. Other renewable energy sources such as wind energy, solar heating, and photovoltaic and geothermal power are only used selectively in breweries. Apart from economic aspects, the use of renewable energies is seen very positively by the public and can also contribute to image improvement. Methane develops due to the basicity and high content of carbohydrates of the waste waters. Here, chemically bound energy can only be transformed into electricity and heat thermally or electrically/thermally by block-type thermal power stations. In addition to an environmental factor, this kind of energy generation also has an economic advantage for a brewery. More and more the network provider is obliged to take facilities for the generation of regenerative energy onto their network and to remunerate according to specific high rates. As a result, renewable energies and combined heat and power plants are gaining more and more importance. Gaseous emissions of a brewery can be divided into two groups [3]: Emissions through the combustion of fossil fuel (oil, coal, wood, etc. The threshold values of the first group are regulated by the Technical Instruction for Air Pollution Prevention. For the second group, in particular, vapors and fumes are typical, with high water concentrations and odor-intensive components contained therein. Boiling times have now been reduced to 60 min maximum with the currently available high-quality malts. With an direct discharger with only one anaerobic step this is more problematic than with an indirect discharger with only an aerobic pre-treatment of the waste water. Here, the discharged air can be cleaned by biofilters, biowashers or chemical washers. This risk potential for humans is minimized by numerous requirements and regulations. Ammonia has the advantage that it can already be located at very low concentrations (from 5 ppm) by it sharp, pungent smell; hence, potential leaks can be repaired quickly. Escaping 672 28 Environmental Protection ammonia from a leak is always gaseous and, compared to fluorinated cooling agents (fluorinated hydrocarbons), has the advantage of not damaging the ozone layer and hence not contributing to the acceleration of the greenhouse effect. Brewery-dependent different dedusters and filter systems are used for the reduction of dust emissions.
Plants acne zinc generic 20 gm betnovate with amex, however acne laser treatment cost quality betnovate 20gm, are rooted in place and must respond to the surrounding environmental factors tretinoin 05 acne purchase betnovate 20gm overnight delivery. Plants have sophisticated systems to detect and respond to light acne 8 weeks pregnant cheap betnovate 20gm overnight delivery, gravity acne 5 pocket jeans generic betnovate 20gm free shipping, temperature skin care tips cheap betnovate 20gm without prescription, and physical touch acne medicine discount betnovate 20 gm free shipping. Receptors sense environmental factors and relay the information to effector systems-often through intermediate chemical messengers-to bring about plant responses skin care names discount 20gm betnovate overnight delivery. Plant Responses to Light Plants have a number of sophisticated uses for light that go far beyond their ability to photosynthesize low-molecularweight sugars using only carbon dioxide, light, and water. Plants can tell the time of day and time of year by sensing and using various wavelengths of sunlight. Phototropism is a directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or even away from, light. The sensing of light in the environment is important to plants; it can be crucial for competition and survival. The response of plants to light is mediated by different photoreceptors, which are comprised of a protein covalently bonded to a lightabsorbing pigment called a chromophore. Sensory photoreceptors absorb light in these particular regions of the visible light spectrum because of the quality of light available in the daylight spectrum. In terrestrial habitats, light absorption by chlorophylls peaks in the blue and red regions of the spectrum. As light filters through the canopy and the blue and red wavelengths are absorbed, the spectrum shifts to the farred end, shifting the plant community to those plants better adapted to respond to far-red light. Water absorbs red light, which makes the detection of blue light essential for algae and aquatic plants. The Phytochrome System and the Red/Far-Red Response the phytochromes are a family of chromoproteins with a linear tetrapyrrole chromophore, similar to the ringed tetrapyrrole light-absorbing head group of chlorophyll. Absorption of red or far-red light causes a massive change to the shape of the chromophore, altering the conformation and activity of the phytochrome protein to which it is bound. Pfr is the physiologically active form of the protein; therefore, exposure to red light yields physiological activity. The effect of red light is reversible by immediately shining far-red light on the sample, which converts the chromoprotein to the inactive Pr form. The active form of phytochrome (Pfr) can directly activate other molecules in the cytoplasm, or it can be trafficked to the nucleus, where it directly activates or represses specific gene expression. Once the phytochrome system evolved, plants adapted it to serve a variety of needs. Because chlorophyll absorbs strongly in the red region of the visible spectrum, but not in the far-red region, any plant in the shade of another plant on the forest floor will be exposed to red-depleted, far-red-enriched light. The preponderance of far-red light converts phytochrome in the shaded leaves to the Pr (inactive) form, slowing growth. The nearest non-shaded (or even less-shaded) areas on the forest floor have more red light; leaves exposed to these areas sense the red light, which activates the Pfr form and induces growth. In short, plant shoots use the phytochrome system to grow away from shade and towards light. Because competition for light is so fierce in a dense plant community, the evolutionary advantages of the phytochrome system are obvious. In seeds, the phytochrome system is not used to determine direction and quality of light (shaded versus unshaded). If they germinated even a centimeter under the soil surface, the seedling would never make it into the sunlight and would die. In the dark, phytochrome is in the Pr (inactive form) and the seed will not germinate; it will only germinate if exposed to light at the surface of the soil. Photoperiodism is a biological response to the timing and duration of day and night. Detection of seasonal 866 Chapter 30 Plant Form and Physiology changes is crucial to plant survival. Although temperature and light intensity influence plant growth, they are not reliable indicators of season because they may vary from one year to the next. As stated above, unfiltered sunlight is rich in red light but deficient in far-red light. Therefore, at dawn, all the phytochrome molecules in a leaf quickly convert to the active Pfr form, and remain in that form until sunset. If the night is short (as in summer), a considerable amount of Pfr may remain at sunrise. By sensing the Pr/Pfr ratio at dawn, a plant can determine the length of the day/night cycle. In addition, leaves retain that information for several days, allowing a comparison between the length of the previous night and the preceding several nights. Shorter nights indicate springtime to the plant; when the nights become longer, autumn is approaching. This information, along with sensing temperature and water availability, allows plants to determine the time of the year and adjust their physiology accordingly. Short-day (longnight) plants use this information to flower in the late summer and early fall, when nights exceed a critical length (often eight or fewer hours). Long-day (short-night) plants flower during the spring, when darkness is less than a critical length (often eight to 15 hours). Horticulturalist the word "horticulturist" comes from the Latin words for garden (hortus) and culture (cultura). This career has been revolutionized by progress made in the understanding of plant responses to environmental stimuli. Growers of crops, fruit, vegetables, and flowers were previously constrained by having to time their sowing and harvesting according to the season. Now, horticulturists can manipulate plants to increase leaf, flower, or fruit production by understanding how environmental factors affect plant growth and development. Long-day plants are irradiated with red light in winter to promote early flowering. For example, fluorescent (cool white) light high in blue wavelengths encourages leafy growth and is excellent for starting seedlings. Incandescent lamps (standard light bulbs) are rich in red light, and promote flowering in some plants. The timing of fruit ripening can be increased or delayed by applying plant hormones. Recently, considerable progress has been made in the development of plant breeds that are suited to different climates and resistant to pests and transportation damage. Both crop yield and quality have increased as a result of practical applications of the knowledge of plant responses to external stimuli and hormones. Horticulturists find employment in private and governmental laboratories, greenhouses, botanical gardens, and in the production or research fields. To prepare for a horticulture career, students take classes in botany, plant physiology, plant pathology, landscape design, and plant breeding. To complement these traditional courses, horticulture majors add studies in economics, business, computer science, and communications. The Blue Light Responses Phototropism-the directional bending of a plant toward or away from a light source-is a response to blue wavelengths of light. The aptly-named phototropins are protein-based receptors responsible for mediating the phototropic response. Like all plant photoreceptors, phototropins consist of a protein portion and a light-absorbing portion, called the chromophore. In phototropins, the chromophore is a covalently-bound molecule of flavin; hence, phototropins belong to a class of proteins called flavoproteins. Other responses under the control of phototropins are leaf opening and closing, chloroplast movement, and the opening of stomata. However, of all responses controlled by phototropins, phototropism has been studied the longest and is the best understood. In their 1880 treatise the Power of Movements in Plants, Charles Darwin and his son Francis first described phototropism as the bending of seedlings toward light. Darwin observed that light was perceived by the tip of the plant (the apical meristem), but that the response (bending) took place in a different part of the plant. They concluded that the signal had to travel from the apical meristem to the base of the plant. He cut off the tip of a seedling, covered the cut section with a layer of gelatin, and then replaced the tip. However, when impermeable mica flakes were inserted between the tip and the cut base, the seedling did not bend. A refinement of the experiment showed that the signal traveled on the shaded side of the seedling. When the mica plate was inserted on the illuminated side, the plant did bend towards the light. Therefore, the chemical signal was a growth stimulant because the phototropic response involved faster cell elongation on the shaded side than on the illuminated side. We now know that as light passes through a plant stem, it is diffracted and generates phototropin activation across the stem. Cryptochromes are another class of blue-light absorbing photoreceptors that also contain a flavin-based chromophore. Cryptochromes set the plants 24-hour activity cycle, also know as its circadian rhythem, using blue light cues. There is some evidence that cryptochromes work together with phototropins to mediate the phototropic response. Use the navigation menu in the left panel of this website openstaxcollege. Plant Responses to Gravity Whether or not they germinate in the light or in total darkness, shoots usually sprout up from the ground, and roots grow downward into the ground. A plant laid on its side in the dark will send shoots upward when given enough time. Gravitropism ensures that roots grow into the soil and that shoots grow toward sunlight. Growth of the shoot apical tip upward is called negative gravitropism, whereas growth of the roots downward is called positive gravitropism. Amyloplasts (also known as statoliths) are specialized plastids that contain starch granules and settle downward in response to gravity. A few hours later, the shoot or root will show growth in the new vertical direction. The effect slows growth on the lower side of the root, while cells develop normally on the upper side. After the shoot or root begin to grow vertically, the amyloplasts return to their normal position. Other hypotheses-involving the entire cell in the gravitropism effect-have been proposed to explain why some mutants that lack amyloplasts may still exhibit a weak gravitropic response. Plant hormones affect all aspects of plant life, from flowering to fruit setting and maturation, and from phototropism to leaf fall. They can act in their cell of origin or be transported to other portions of the plant body, with many plant responses involving the synergistic or antagonistic interaction of two or more hormones. In contrast, animal hormones are produced in specific glands and transported to a distant site for action, and they act alone. Plant hormones are a group of unrelated chemical substances that affect plant morphogenesis. In addition, other nutrients and environmental conditions can be characterized as growth factors. Auxins the term auxin is derived from the Greek word auxein, which means "to grow. They also control the differentiation of meristem into vascular tissue, and promote leaf development and arrangement. Apical dominance-the inhibition of lateral bud formation-is triggered by auxins produced in the apical meristem. Flowering, fruit setting and ripening, and inhibition of abscission (leaf falling) are other plant responses under the direct or indirect control of auxins. Auxins also act as a relay for the effects of the blue light and red/far-red responses. Commercial use of auxins is widespread in plant nurseries and for crop production. Applying synthetic auxins to tomato plants in greenhouses promotes normal fruit development. Outdoor application of auxin promotes synchronization of fruit setting and dropping to coordinate the harvesting season. Fruits such as seedless cucumbers can be induced to set fruit by treating unfertilized plant flowers with auxins. Cytokinins the effect of cytokinins was first reported when it was found that adding the liquid endosperm of coconuts to developing plant embryos in culture stimulated their growth. The stimulating growth factor was found to be cytokinin, a hormone that promotes cytokinesis (cell division). Cytokinins are most abundant in growing tissues, such as roots, embryos, and fruits, where cell division is occurring. Cytokinins are known to delay senescence in leaf tissues, promote mitosis, and stimulate differentiation of the meristem in shoots and roots. Many effects on plant development are under the influence of cytokinins, either in conjunction with auxin or another hormone. For example, apical dominance seems to result from a balance between auxins that inhibit lateral buds, and cytokinins that promote bushier growth. Seedless grapes are obtained through standard breeding methods and contain inconspicuous seeds that fail to develop. Plants adapted to temperate climates require a long period of cold temperature before seeds germinate. This mechanism protects young plants from sprouting too early during unseasonably warm weather in winter. As the hormone gradually breaks down over winter, the seed is released from dormancy and germinates when conditions are favorable in spring. Ethylene Ethylene is associated with fruit ripening, flower wilting, and leaf fall. Hundreds of years ago, when gas street lamps were installed in city streets, trees that grew close to lamp posts developed twisted, thickened trunks and shed their leaves earlier than expected. The best-known effect of the hormone, however, is the promotion of fruit ripening. Some people store unripe fruit, such as avocadoes, in a sealed paper bag to accelerate ripening; the gas released by the first fruit to mature will speed up the maturation of the remaining fruit. Ethylene also triggers leaf and fruit abscission, flower fading and dropping, and promotes germination in some cereals and sprouting of bulbs and potatoes. Commercial fruit growers control the timing of fruit ripening with application of the gas. Horticulturalists inhibit leaf dropping in ornamental plants by removing ethylene from greenhouses using fans and ventilation. Nontraditional Hormones Recent research has discovered a number of compounds that also influence plant development. Their roles are less understood than the effects of the major hormones described so far. Their levels increase when a plant is wounded by a predator, resulting in an increase in toxic secondary metabolites. They contribute to the production of volatile compounds that attract natural enemies of predators. For example, chewing of tomato plants by caterpillars leads to an increase in jasmonic acid levels, which in turn triggers the release of volatile compounds that attract predators of the pest. Oligosaccharins also play a role in plant defense against bacterial and fungal infections. They act locally at the site of injury, and can also be transported to other tissues. Strigolactones promote seed germination in some species and inhibit lateral apical development in the absence of auxins. Strigolactones also play a role in the establishment of mycorrhizae, a mutualistic association of plant roots and fungi. Apical dominance, seed germination, gravitropism, and resistance to freezing are all positively influenced by hormones. Plant Responses to Wind and Touch the shoot of a pea plant winds around a trellis, while a tree grows on an angle in response to strong prevailing winds. The movement of a plant subjected to constant directional pressure is called thigmotropism, from the Greek words thigma meaning "touch," and tropism implying "direction. The meristematic region of tendrils is very touch sensitive; light touch will evoke a quick coiling response. Cells in contact with a support surface contract, whereas cells on the opposite side of the support expand (Figure 30. Application of jasmonic acid is sufficient to trigger tendril coiling without a mechanical stimulus. A thigmonastic response is a touch response independent of the direction of stimulus Figure 30. In the Venus flytrap, two modified leaves are joined at a hinge and lined with thin fork-like tines along the outer edges. When an insect brushes against these trigger hairs, touching two or more of them in succession, the leaves close quickly, trapping the prey. The released nutrients are absorbed by the leaves, which reopen for the next meal. Thigmomorphogenesis is a slow developmental change in the shape of a plant subjected to continuous mechanical stress. When trees bend in the wind, for example, growth is usually stunted and the trunk thickens.
