In many disease states garlic pills erectile dysfunction kamagra polo 100mg otc, however erectile dysfunction in young males generic kamagra polo 100 mg free shipping, these regulatory processes are disturbed erectile dysfunction at age 64 cheap kamagra polo 100 mg overnight delivery, resulting in persistent deviations in body-fluid volume or ionic concentrations erectile dysfunction doctors in chandigarh best 100mg kamagra polo. Understanding these disorders requires an understanding of the normal regulatory processes erectile dysfunction rings 100 mg kamagra polo with amex. Maintenance of body composition: the kidney regulates the volume of fluid in the body; its osmolarity erectile dysfunction causes uk discount kamagra polo 100mg fast delivery, electrolyte content erectile dysfunction therapy treatment buy generic kamagra polo 100mg line, and concentration; and its acidity impotence signs cheap 100mg kamagra polo fast delivery. It achieves this regulation by varying the amounts of water and ions excreted in the urine. Electrolytes regulated by changes in urinary excretion include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. Excretion of metabolic end products and foreign substances: the kidney excretes a number of products of metabolism, most notably urea, and a number of toxins and drugs. Renin is an enzyme produced by the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin from a plasma globulin, angiotensinogen. Angiotensin is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide that significantly contributes to salt balance and blood-pressure regulation. Erythropoietin, a glycosylated protein comprising 165 amino acids that is produced by renal cortical interstitial cells, stimulates the maturation of erythrocytes in the bone marrow. This steroid hormone plays an important role in the regulation of body calcium and phosphate balance. In later chapters of this Primer, the pathophysiologic mechanisms and consequences of derangements in kidney function are discussed in detail. This chapter reviews the basic anatomy of the kidney, the normal mechanisms for urine formation, and the physiology of sodium, potassium, water, and acid-base balance. The maintenance of stable body-fluid composition requires that appearance and disappearance rates of any substance in the body balance each other. Balance is achieved when Ingested amount + Produced amount = Excreted amount + Consumed amount For a large number of organic compounds, balance is the result of metabolic production and consumption. However, electrolytes are not produced or consumed by the body, so balance can only be achieved by adjusting excretion to match intake. Hence, when a person is in balance for sodium, potassium, and other ions, the amount excreted must equal the amount ingested. Because the kidneys are the principal organs where regulated excretion takes place, urinary excretion of such solutes closely follows the dietary intake. Adipose tissue is low in water content; therefore, in obese people, the fraction of body weight that is water is lower than in lean individuals. As a consequence of their slightly greater fat content, women contain a lower percentage of water on average than men-about 55% instead of 60%. Useful round numbers to remember for bedside estimates of bodyfluid volumes are provided in Table 1. The human kidney is made up of approximately one million nephrons, two of which are shown schematically here. Each nephron consists of the following parts: glomerulus (1), proximal convoluted tubule (2), proximal straight tubule (3), thin descending limb of the loop of Henle (4), thin ascending limb (5), thick ascending limb (6), macula densa (7), distal convoluted tubule (8), and connecting tubule (9). Several nephrons coalesce to empty into a collecting duct, which has three distinct regions: the cortical collecting duct (10), the outer medullary collecting duct (11), and the inner medullary collecting duct (12). As shown, the deeper glomeruli give rise to nephrons with loops of Henle that descend all the way to the papillary tips, whereas the more superficial glomeruli have loops of Henle that bend at the junction between the inner and outer medulla. The kidney is an anatomically complex organ consisting of many different types of highly specialized cells, which are arranged in a highly organized, three-dimensional pattern. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron; each nephron consists of a glomerulus and a long tubule, which is composed of a single layer of epithelial cells. The nephron is segmented into distinct parts-proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct-each with a typical cellular appearance and special functional characteristics. The nephrons are packed together tightly to make up the kidney parenchyma, which can be divided into regions. The outer layer of the kidney is called the cortex; it comprises all of the glomeruli, much of the proximal tubules, and some of the more distal portions as well. The inner section, called the medulla, consists largely of the parallel arrays of the loops of Henle and the collecting ducts. The medulla is formed into seven to nine cone-shaped regions, called pyramids, that extend into the renal pelvis. The medulla is important for concentration of the urine; the extracellular fluid in this region of the kidney has a much higher concentration of solutes than the plasma, with the highest solute concentrations at the papillary tips. The process of urine formation begins in the glomerular capillary tuft, where an ultrafiltrate of plasma is formed. The filtered fluid is collected in Bowman capsule and enters the renal tubule to be carried over a circuitous course, successively modified by exposure to the sequence of specialized tubular epithelial segments with different transport functions. Fluid remaining at the end of the proximal convoluted tubule enters the loop of Henle, which dips down in a hairpin configuration into the medulla. Returning to the cortex, the tubular fluid passes close by its parent glomerulus at the juxtaglomerular apparatus, then it enters the distal convoluted tubule and, finally, the collecting duct. The collecting duct courses back through the medulla, to empty into the renal pelvis at the tip of the renal papilla. Along the tubule, most of the glomerular filtrate is absorbed, but some additional substances are secreted. The final product, the urine, enters the renal pelvis and then enters the ureter, collects in the bladder, and is finally excreted from the body. As a consequence of this generous perfusion, the renal arteriovenous O2 difference is much lower than that of most other tissues (and blood in the renal vein is noticeably redder than the blood in other veins). The renal artery bifurcates several times after it enters the kidney and then breaks into the arcuate arteries, which run in an archlike fashion along the border between the cortex and the outer medulla. The afferent arterioles supplying the glomeruli come off the interlobular vessels. These two capillary networks are arranged in series, so that all of the renal blood flow passes through both. As blood leaves the glomerulus, the capillaries coalesce into the efferent arteriole, but almost immediately the vessels bifurcate again to form the peritubular capillary network. This second network of capillaries is the site where the fluid reabsorbed by the tubules is returned to the circulation. Pressure in the first capillary bed, that of the glomerulus, is rather high (40 to 50 mm Hg), whereas pressure in the peritubular capillaries is similar to that in capillary beds elsewhere in the body (5 to 10 mm Hg). About one fourth of the plasma that enters the glomerulus passes through the filtration barrier to become the glomerular filtrate. Blood cells, most of the proteins, and about 75% of the fluid and small solutes stay in the capillary and leave the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole. This postglomerular blood, which has a relatively high concentration of protein and red cells, enters the peritubular capillaries where the high oncotic pressure resulting from the high protein concentration facilitates the reabsorption of fluid. The peritubular capillaries coalesce to form venules and, eventually, the renal vein. The renal artery bifurcates soon after entering the kidney parenchyma and gives rise to a system of arching vessels that run along the border between the cortex and the medulla. In this diagram, the vascular elements surrounding a single renal pyramid are shown. Here the arterial supply and glomeruli are shown in red, and the venous system is shown in blue. The peritubular capillary network that arises from the efferent arterioles is omitted for the sake of simplicity. The vascular elements are named as follows: interlobar artery and vein (1 and 1a); arcuate artery and vein (2 and 2a); interlobular artery and vein (3 and 3a); stellate vein (4); afferent arteriole (5); efferent arteriole (6); glomerular capillaries from superficial (7a), midcortex (7b), and juxtamedullary (7c) regions; and juxtamedullary efferent arterioles supplying descending vasa recti (8) and ascending vasa recti (9). Specialized peritubular vessels, called vasa recta, arise from the efferent arterioles of the glomeruli nearest the medulla (the juxtamedullary glomeruli). Like medullary renal tubules, these vasa recta form hairpin loops that dip into the medulla. The capillaries are held together by a stalk of cells called the mesangium, and the outer surface of the capillaries is covered with specialized epithelial cells called podocytes. Podocytes are large, highly differentiated cells that form an array of lacelike foot processes over the outer layer of the glomerular capillaries. A structure called Bowman capsule acts as a pouch to capture the filtrate and direct it into the beginning of the proximal tubule. The glomerular filter through which the ultrafiltrate has to pass consists of three layers: the fenestrated endothelium, the intervening glomerular basement membrane, and the podocyte slit diaphragm. This complex "membrane" is freely permeable to water and small dissolved solutes, but retains most of the proteins and other larger molecules, as well as all blood particles. Substances of increasing size are retained with increasing efficiency until, at a size of approximately 60 to 70 kDa, the amount passing through the filter becomes very small. Some albumin escapes through the glomerular filtration barrier, but it is normally reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. Proper functioning of the podocyte is critical for maintaining the integrity and selectivity of the glomerular filtration barrier. Podocyte dysfunction causes increased protein excretion in the urine and a condition called nephrotic syndrome, which is introducedinChapter16. Geneticstudiesinpatientswithproteinuria have established the identity of a number of the proteins critical for normal function of the podocyte. The podocyte is a terminally differentiated cell, with little capacity for division or cell repair. Injury to the podocyte is increasingly recognized as a key mechanism in many chronic kidney diseases. One factor influencing Pnet is the resistance in the afferent and efferent arterioles. B, A single capillary loop showing the endothelial and foot process layers and the attachments of the basement membrane to the mesangium. Pressure in the glomerular capillary bed is substantially higher than in other capillaries. These changes consist of removal (reabsorption) and addition (secretion) of solutes and fluid. Reabsorption can occur both across the cell membranes (transcellular pathway) or between cells (paracellular pathway). Transcellular transport depends on the presence of specific transport proteins in the membrane, whereas paracellular transport across the tight junctions depends on the characteristics of a family of tight junction proteins called claudins. Many specialized membrane proteins participate in the movement of substances across cell membranes along the renal tubule. Part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, this cell plaque is at the very terminal end of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle just before its transition to the distal convoluted tubule. This is a special position along the nephron, because at this site the salt concentration is quite variable. Low tubular flow rates result inaverylowconcentrationofNaClatthissite,15mEq/L or less, whereas at higher flow rates the salt concentration increasesto40to60mEq/L. TheNaClconcentrationatthis site regulates glomerular function through a mechanism called tubuloglomerular feedback: changes in luminal salt concentration produced by changes in loop of Henle flow rate regulate afferent arteriolar resistance in a way that causes inverse changes in glomerular blood flow and filtration rate. The other unique cells that make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the renin-containing juxtaglomerular granular cells. Renin secretion is also regulated locally by salt concentration in the tubule at the macula densa. In addition, the granular cells have extensive sympathetic innervation, and renin secretion is further controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. Solutes and water can move either through a paracellular pathway between cells (red arrows) or through a transcellular transport pathway (blue arrows), which requires movement across both luminal and basolateral membranes. Transport proteins may undergo alterations in physical confirmation, triggered for example by phosphorylation or dephosphorylation, resulting in changed channel activity or transport affinity. A consequence of these changes may be insertion or removal of the transport protein from the membrane, which are processes known, respectively, as endocytosis and exocytosis. Early renal anatomists recognized that there are marked differences in the appearance of the cells of the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. We now know that these nephron segments also differ markedly in function, distribution of important transport proteins, and responsiveness to drugs such as diuretics. Most epithelial cells in the kidney and in other organs possess a single primary cilium. New attention has focused on the importance of cilia because of the discovery that genetic defects in cilial proteins are associated with the development of renal cysts. There is growing evidence that cilia play a role in determining epithelial shape and in the regulationofintracellularcellcalciumbyshearstress. The role of the cilium in cystic diseases of the kidneyisdiscussedinmoredetailin hapters42and43. The terminal portion of the proximal tubule, the S3 segment or pars recta, is the site of secretion of numerous organic anions and cations, a mechanism used by the body for elimination of many drugs and toxins. It is important for generation of a concentrated medulla and for dilution of the urine. The thick ascending limb is often called the diluting segment, because transport along this water-impermeable segment results in the development of a dilute tubular fluid. The thick ascending limb is also the site of paracellular reabsorption of divalent cations such as Ca++ andMg++. These solutes are present at the same concentration in proximal tubular fluid as in plasma. This is also the segment that normally reabsorbs virtually all the filtered glucose and amino acids via Na+-dependent cotransport. An additional function of the proximal tubule is phosphate transport, which is regulated by parathyroid hormone. The proximal tubule is an example of an epithelium with low transepithelial resistance ("leaky" epithelium). Leakiness is the result of a tight junction protein (claudin-2) that is permeable to cations and water. Distal segments are the sites where critical regulatory hormones such as aldosterone and vasopressin regulate acid and potassium excretion and also determine final urinary concentrations of K+, Na+, and Cl-. Both the distal convoluted tubule and the connecting tubule have welldeveloped basolateral infoldings with abundant mitochondria, like the proximal tubule. The distal convoluted tubule is the principal site of action of thiazide diuretics. The S1 begins at the glomerulus and extends for several millimeters before the transition to the S2 segment. The S3 segment, which is also called the proximal straight tubule, descends into the inner medulla. The proximal tubule is characterized by a prominent brush border, which increases the membrane surface area about fortyfold. The basolateral infoldings, which are lined with mitochondria, are interdigitated with the basolateral infoldings of adjacent cells (in the diagrams, processes that come from adjacent cells are shaded). The thin limbs, as their names suggest, are shallow epithelia without the prominent mitochondria of more proximal segments. The thick limb, in contrast, is a taller epithelium with basolateral infoldings and well-developed mitochondria. The collecting duct cells are cuboidal, and their basolateral folds do not interdigitate extensively. When there is a sizable osmotic gradient and water moves across this epithelium, the spaces between cells widen. The collecting duct changes its appearance as it travels from the cortex to the papillary tip. In the cortex, there are two different cell types in the collecting duct: principal cells and intercalated cells. Principal cells are the main site of salt and water transport, and intercalated cells are the key site for acid-base regulation. The medullary collecting duct, in its most terminal portions, comes increasingly to resemble the tall cells typical of the transitional epithelium that lines the bladder. The collecting duct changes its morphology as it travels from cortex to the medulla. The amount of Na+ absorbed by the tubules is the difference between the amount of Na+ filtered and the amount excreted: Na+ absorption = Filtered Na+ - Excreted Na+ a plasma Na+ concentration of 145 mEq/L, 17. Because only about 100 to 250 mEq of Na+ is excreted per day (this reflects the average intake provided by a typical Western diet), one can estimate that the tubule reabsorbs somewhat more than 99% of the filtered Na+. However, this value depends on Na+ intake and can vary physiologically from almost 0% at extremely low intakes to about 2% at extremely high intakes. In renal epithelial cells, as in most cells of the body, this pump translocates Na+ out of cells (and K+ into cells), thereby lowering intracellular Na+ concentration (and elevating intracellular K+ concentration). A key for the generation of net Na+ movement from the tubular lumen to the blood is the asymmetrical distribution of this enzyme; it is present exclusively in the basolateral membrane (the blood side) of all nephron segments. Delivery of Na+ to the pump sites is maintained by Na+ entry across the luminal side of the cells along a favorable electrochemical gradient. Because Na+ permeability of the luminal membrane is much higher than that of the basolateral membrane, Na+ entry is fed from the luminal Na+ pool.
Syndromes
Wheezing
ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome)
Collapse
Almond-shaped eyes
Red blood cell count
The baby is not able to feed enough to keep glucose levels up.
Infection
Medicine called an antidote (sodium bicarbonate) to reverse the effects of the poison
Stop smoking. Smoking causes blood vessels to narrow even more.
The income is to provide scholarship assistance to needy medical students in the School of Medicine erectile dysfunction just before penetration discount 100mg kamagra polo with amex. Morris Schapiro Scholarship Fund An endowment was established by the Morris Schapiro and Family Foundation in February erectile dysfunction and high blood pressure cheap kamagra polo 100mg free shipping, 1954 erectile dysfunction treatment atlanta ga order 100 mg kamagra polo mastercard, to aid needy erectile dysfunction treatment can herbal remedies help order 100mg kamagra polo mastercard, promising students erectile dysfunction doctor in bhopal kamagra polo 100mg mastercard. Schier Fund for Medical Student Aid this endowment was established with a gift from the estate of Ida F impotence at 18 cheap kamagra polo 100 mg amex. Schier in memory of her brother erectile dysfunction drugs and hearing loss order kamagra polo 100 mg mastercard, a Baltimore dairyman and national authority on the handling of milk erectile dysfunction doctors rochester ny generic kamagra polo 100mg amex. The income from this fund provides scholarship aid for financially needy medical students. Ottilie Schillig Scholarship Fund the monies for the Schillig Scholarship Fund were dedicated during her lifetime by Ottilie Schillig. She asked that this fund be used to provide scholarships for deserving young students and to assist them in obtaining an education as doctors of medicine. School of Medicine Alumni Scholarship Fund Income from an endowment provided by graduates of the School. School of Medicine Scholarship Fund By action of the Board of Trustees of the Johns Hopkins University, a capital sum of $400,000 has been set aside, the income from which is to provide financial assistance to needy and deserving students. Seidel is recognized for his outstanding service to the students in their career development. Its purpose is to provide a loan resource for "deserving and needy students of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Income from this fund will provide financial support for deserving medical students. Scholarship Fund this endowment fund was established with a gift from the estate of Dr. The income from this fund provides two scholarships, one in his name and one in the name of his sister, Augenia Zebrowska. Alberta Speaks Scholarship Fund Established in 1986 as a bequest from the estate of Alberta Speaks to provide scholarship assistance for needy black students. Lisa Marie Sprague Memorial Scholarship Established in 1998 by Arthur Sprague, Class of 1960, and Mrs. Paul Luther Stine Memorial Scholarship Fund Established in 1996 from the Estate of Mildred C. Stine, to provide scholarship support to students in the School of Medicine, preference to be given to otherwise eligible applicants who are graduates of Brunswick High School, Frederick County, Maryland, residents of Frederick County, Maryland, or residents of the State of Maryland. The income is to be used to provide financial assistance to worthy students in the School of Medicine. Sutland Scholarship for Medical Education this scholarship was established in 1999 to provide assistance for needy medical students. This fund provides financial assistance to needy medical students, with preference given to those who have a special interest in the humanities. Vander Salm Family Scholarship Fund the Johns Hopkins University gratefully acknowledges the receipt of a gift from Thomas J. He lived for a long time in Green Bay, Wisconsin and asked that preference be given to students from the midwest. Selma Voorhees opened the fund in honor of her husband, William, a graduate of the medical class of 1945. Wakefield to provide scholarships for students in need of additional funds to continue their education. Arthur Nathan Wang Memorial Scholarship Fund this fund was created in 1988 in honor and in memory of Dr. The income from the fund each year will provide a scholarship to a needy and deserving student who intends to pursue a career in clinical neurosurgery. Wang hope to help others to complete the contribution to medicine and society begun by him. Waring, an endowment in memory of her husband has been established in the School of Medicine, the income from which is to be used as a scholarship fund for needy and worthy students. Waring subsequently received his degree from another school, having found it necessary to withdraw from the Medical School at the end of his junior year. Weakley, to provide scholarship support to medical students in the School of Medicine. Weiss to honor their devotion to medicine and lifetime affiliation with the School of Medicine. Raymond Wing to honor the memory of her husband, a member of the School of Medicine Class of 1927. It will provide support for students in their first year of study at the School of Medicine. Winslow Foundation Scholarship Fund Gifts have been received annually since 1974 to fund scholarships for medical students, with preference for residents of Maryland, the District of Columbia, or North Carolina. Charles Marion Wolfe Scholarship Fund the Fund was established in 1997 through the estate of Doris L. Wolfe in memory of her husband, Charles Marion Wolfe, to be used for a worthy medical student. Endowed Scholarship Fund Established in 2004; the income is to be used to provide financial assistance to worthy students in the School of Medicine. Zepp Scholarship Fund A fund was established as a bequest from the estate of Adeline E. It provides assistance to needy students with preference to those planning careers in pediatrics. Amoss established an endowment fund with income to be used for loans to aid deserving medical students. Class of 1932 Student Loan Fund the Class of 1932 established a long term fund for medical students in January of 1983, recognizing thereby the growing need for financial assistance of this kind. Class of 1934 Revolving Loan Fund Established in 1985 by a 50th Reunion Class to provide long term loans to needy medical students. Class of 1935 Revolving Loan Fund Established in 1985 by a 50th Reunion Class to provide long term loans to needy medical students. Class of 1949 Student Loan Fund Established in 1985 by the 35th Reunion Class of 1949 to provide loans to needy medical students. Class of 1952 Revolving Loan Fund Established in 1987 by the 35th Reunion Classes of 1952 to provide loans to needy medical students. Class of 1959 Loan Fund Established in 1985 by the Class of 1959 for the 50th Reunion to provide loans to needy medical students. Revolving Loan Fund this fund was established in 1999 to provide Loans to students in their 2nd, 3rd, or 4th year of medical school. Medical Student Loan Fund A $10,000 revolving loan fund established by the Filbert Company Foundation of Baltimore. Warfield Firor Loan Fund this fund was established in 1962 to provide loans for medical students. Theron Hunter, of the Class of 1925, to be used for aid in the form of loans to deserving students in the third and/or fourth year classes of the School of Medicine. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Loan Fund Established to provide aid to needy medical students who are female, members of designated racial minority groups and/or from rural areas. Kellogg Loan Fund Established in 1942 to provide financial assistance to students in the School of Medicine. Kneale was a member of the Class of 1920 who pursued a distinguished career in Urology. She was a member of the Class of 1923 and, during her professional career, served as a pediatrician. The income from the fund is to provide loans to deserving graduate and medical students interested in research in the basic health sciences. McKinstry Medical Loan Fund this fund was established to be used for individuals of character who are in need of assistance to complete their medical education. Norton Loan Fund was established in July 1983 upon the receipt of a bequest from the estate of Dr. Its purpose is to make loan monies available to financially needy students in the School of Medicine. Norton was a member of the Class of 1910 who pursued a distinguished career in obstetrics and gynecology. School of Medicine Loan Fund In 1962 the Trustees of the University set aside $100,000 to be used as revolving loan funds for medical students. Schwartz Fund A loan fund for students in the School of Medicine established in 1964 under the will of the late Arnold A. Surdna Foundation Loan Fund this fund was established in 1971 to provide loans for medical students. Wesson Memorial Loan Fund the fund was established in 1999, and provides low interest loans to medical students. This clerkship will allow students who have completed a Basic Anesthesiology Clerkship to expand their experiences in anesthesia practice. Students may create their own experience by either choosing to spend the clerkship doing general operating room cases or by seeking to gain experience in sub-specialty areas of anesthesiology including cardiac anesthesia, obstetrics anesthesia, neuroanesthesia, pediatric anesthesia and pain management. This elective is recommended for students who are interested in applying to an Anesthesiology residency program. Students must have completed the Basic Anesthesia Clerkship prior to this elective. Students should be prepared to help contribute to the care of these patients on rounds and are expected to attend didactic sessions and indepth case discussions. Overnight call with the resident they are "paired" with is optional but encouraged. This basic elective presents the challenges, rewards, science, and technical aspects of caring for patients pre-operatively, intra-operatively, and post-operatively. The elective is intended both for students who are considering a career path in anesthesiology and for those choosing other specialties who wish to increase their understanding of physiology and pharmacology. Students will spend the basic elective working in the general operating rooms directly along-side Anesthesiology providers (attending and residents) applying physiological and pharmacological principles to intra-operative patient care. Cardiovascular and respiratory physiology will be central to this learning process. Hemodynamic management including intravenous fluid therapy, vasopressor use and transfusion practice will be emphasized. Students will learn how anesthetic management varies based on patient age, co-morbidities and the specific surgical procedure such as abdominal surgery and intracranial surgery. Prerequisite: Core clerkship in Pediatrics and Clinical Preceptorship in Anesthesiology. Students will be responsible for the preoperative evaluation, intraoperative management, and postoperative evaluation of children. This course is designed for students planning careers in pediatrics, anesthesiology or pediatric surgery. Prerequisite: Clinical Preceptorship in Anesthesiology preferred, but not required. This course is intended for students who have an interest in the assessment and treatment of pain and its attendant emotional manifestations. The focus will be on the use of analgesics, nerve blocks, and behavioral modification. It is hoped that this course will provide the student with some tools and insight into the management of pain and suffering in patients presenting either to routine medical practices or to specialty pain clinics. Prerequisites: Clinical Preceptorship in Anesthesiology preferred, but not required. The interested student should contact the faculty member supervising the research prior to registering for the elective. The rotation offers exposure to the care of critically ill patients undergoing extensive surgical procedures. The rotation includes formal training in the pathophysiology of critical illness, exposing the student to invasive procedures, obtaining and interpreting physiologic measurements, and pharmacologic manipulation of the cardiovascular system. McCollum Professor and Chair of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Raben. Elective courses for medical students must be approved by the preceptor; any member of the department may act as preceptor. Critical discussion of current research articles in biochemistry, molecular and cell biology. Systematic study and discussion of the current literature pertaining to the particular topics under consideration that quarter; topics will vary from year to year. Reports on current research by the staff, visiting scientists, and advanced students form the basis of this seminar which meets weekly throughout the year. Properly qualified individuals are accepted for graduate and postdoctoral research training. Medical students are also accepted for research training in elective quarters and summers. A graduate-level course covering molecular and cellular basis of embryonic development in multicellular organisms. This course allows first-year Biological Chemistry students to explore areas relevant to the Biological Chemistry curriculum at a level of depth greater than that available in the core courses. Emphasis is the Department of Biological Chemistry has two major instructional functions. It provides required and elective instruction in biochemistry for medical students and also offers organized programs of graduate study in biochemistry and molecular biology toward the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The staff and the facilities of all seven departments provide opportunities to medical students, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows for carrying out research projects in many different areas of biochemistry and molecular biology. The course provides a comprehensive, fully integrated coverage of the molecular basis of cellular metabolism and function. The student will participate in "Journal Club", in which important papers in the front-line biomedical literature will be discussed. At least one upper-level course in Biochemistry or Cell Biology is strongly recommended. Graduate students participate in three projects during four quarters in laboratories of various faculty members in Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Cell Biology. Donner Professor of Radiology, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Professor of Neurological Surgery, Professor of Oncology W. The Medical School program is described below, the Graduate Program leading to the Ph. Course work in the Graduate Programs is available to qualified medical students on an elective basis. It includes lectures and laboratory exercises on control systems, signal analysis, hemodynamics and modeling. Biomedical Engineering (E) Courses are listed below by both School of Medicine and School of Engineering course numbers. For additional undergraduate courses, consult the Arts and Sciences/Engineering catalog. Students may participate in current research activities in the department or may arrange to conduct independent work under the guidance of a preceptor. A list of faculty in Biomedical Engineering and faculty associated with Biomedical Engineering can be found on page 126. Engineers confront problems and make decisions that hold long term social consequences for individuals, organizations, communities, and the profession. For biomedical engineers, these decisions may relate to: inventions such as medical devices and pharmaceuticals; neural prosthetics and synthetic biological organisms; responsible and sustainable design; availability of biotechnology in the developing world. Using a combination of cases, fieldwork, and readings, we examine the ethical issues, standards, theory and consequences of recent and emerging engineering interventions as a way to understand the profession and to form a basis for future decisions. In addition students will learn and practice multiple forms of communication, including oral, visual, and written rhetoric. A particular focus will be communication targeted to different stakeholders including other professionals and the public. Students will apply good communication principle to the discussion of biomedical engineering ethics, develop their own ethical case studies, and participate in group projects to aid ethical decision-making, and to improve communication of complex biomedical ethical issues to others. The course requires the use of simulations to explore dynamics of neural encoding of physiological signals. The first half of the course introduces functional anatomy of the central nervous system, models of neurons, neural networks, and learning and memory. The second half of the course introduces the structure and function of the auditory, visual and motor systems, with emphasis on the neural coding of sensory signals, adaptation of sensori-motor maps, and control of movements. Computational and theoretical systems biology at the cellular and molecular level. Topics include organizational patterns of biological networks; analysis of metabolic networks, gene regulatory networks, and signal transduction networks; inference of pathway structure; and behavior of cellular and molecular circuits. Topics will include dielectric properties of biological tissues, electromanipulation of cells, electrical stimulation, defibrillation, impedance imaging, standards for electromagnetic field exposure, and electrical safety. Special emphasis will be placed on theoretical concepts and experimental approaches used to characterize the bioelectrical properties of cardiac muscle. The significance of the mechanical factors to cell biology under normal and pathological conditions is shown based on concepts of continuum and statistical mechanics. The main experimental techniques to probe the cellular mechanical properties are introduced and the connection between the models and experiments is demonstrated. We also discuss the role of proteins, membranes and cytoskeleton in cellular function and how to describe them using mathematical models. The primary objective of this course is to introduce biomedical engineering students to the challenges of engineering solutions for persons functioning with disabilities. In order to achieve this goal, other objectives include: gaining a basic appreciation of the modalities used to treat impairments, the opportunities for application of engineering to improve treatment delivery, understanding the science and engineering applied to helping persons with disabilities function in the everyday world and an basic knowledge of the legal, ethical issues and employment opportunities in rehabilitation engineering.
The course begins with the study of Markov processes on directed acyclic graphs erectile dysfunction clinic purchase kamagra polo 100mg amex, including Markov chains and branching processes erectile dysfunction young kamagra polo 100mg lowest price, and on random fields on regular lattices erectile dysfunction epidemiology kamagra polo 100 mg without prescription. Moving to the continuum erectile dysfunction protocol amino acids order kamagra polo 100 mg otc, the course examines Gaussian random fields impotence at 80 generic 100mg kamagra polo amex, second order representation theory and random processes of geometric shape through Gaussian fields on manifolds erectile dysfunction 5x5 discount 100mg kamagra polo overnight delivery. This course uses the current literature to teach advanced topics in magnetic resonance imaging natural erectile dysfunction pills reviews buy kamagra polo 100mg with mastercard. Students will be required to read current papers impotence nasal spray buy 100mg kamagra polo overnight delivery, selected textbook chapters and online content to prepare for interactive teaching sessions with faculty and other students. This course is designed for graduate students interested in learning basic biomedical instrumentation design concepts and translating these into advanced projects based on their research on current state-of-the-art. At the end of the course, students would get an excellent awareness of biological or clinical measurement techniques, design of sensors and electronics (or electro-mechanical/chemical, microprocessor system and their use). Armed with that knowledge and lab skills, students will be encouraged to discuss various advanced instrumentation applications, such as brain monitor, pacemaker/defibrillator, or prosthetics. Further, they will be "challenged" to come up with some novel design ideas and implement them in a semester-long design project. Students will take part in reading the literature, learning about the state-of-the-art through journal papers and patents, and discussing, critiquing, and improving on these ideas. Finally, they will be implementing a selected idea into an advanced group project. Introduction to non-invasive techniques as applied to an early diagnosis of disease, altered gene expression, cellular therapeutics, and fundamental molecular or metabolic changes. Includes magnetic resonance imaging, radionuclide imaging, and optical imaging techniques. The emphasis of the overall course is to learn how molecular/cellular imaging will change the way future diagnostic radiology and drug development will be practiced. Studies conducted in any area of biomedical engineering on a tutorial basis by prior arrangement with a member of the faculty. Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Genetics, and Pharmacology are fully integrated into a combined course of study presented by the basic science departments. The course provides a comprehensive coverage of the fundamental principles underlying the molecular basis of cellular metabolism and function. The student will participate in "Journal Club," in which important papers in the front-line biomedical literature will be discussed. Prerequisites: Elementary courses in basic chemistry, organic chemistry, general biology, and general physics. Elective courses must be approved by the preceptor; any member of the department can act as preceptor. In particular the molecular structures of proteins and nucleic acids, their biosynthesis and functional interrelationships will be studied. This is a seminar course covering a variety of topics involving the structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids. Lectures will offer an introduction to the mathematical aspects of computer representation and manipulation of macromolecules followed by discussions of important topics in the computational chemistry of macromolecules including: forces and potential fields, molecular mechanics, electrostatics, Monte Carlo methods, homology modeling, docking and other modeling topics. The laboratory course will familiarize students with practical aspects of molecular modeling. It teaches the necessary tools to create and manipulate computer generated models of biological-interest molecules. This is an introductory course, designed to present the core knowledge of protein crystallography necessary to function in the laboratory and to read the literature. The course will follow the text by author Barnard Rupp and will require written homework. In a journal club format this course examines standard advanced topics in crystallography as well as aspects of the current literature. Topics may include: refinement, approaches to the phase problem, fourier transform methods, etc. Given every year during the first and second quarters (fall semester); three hours per week. Prerequisites: Calculus, elementary physics, and basic biochemistry, or consent of Instructor. The graduate-level course provides an introduction to macromolecular structure, with emphasis on the physical underpinnings. Format is class discussion of assigned readings from primary scientific literature with computer-based lab assignments. The course begins with an intensive introduction to the Python computer scripting language and the Unix operating system. Cotter, Green, Hoh, Leahy, Raben, Schnaar, Shortle, Wade, Wolberger, Woolf, and Zhang. Experimental and computational methods used to study macromolecular structure including X-ray crystallography, magnetic resonance, spectroscopy, microscopy, and mass spectrometry will also be covered. M/W/F, 9-10:30 the physical and chemical principles underlying biological processes are presented and discussed. Topics include thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium, chemical and enzymatic kinetics, electrochemistry, physical chemistry of solutions, and structure and properties of water. Elementary concepts of statistical thermodynamics will be introduced as a way of correlating macroscopic and microscopic properties. The lectures will build upon the introduction to protein and nucleic acid structure and analysis given in the course, "Macromolecular Structure and Analysis. Students will learn how to read a structure paper, understand structure quality and limits of interpretation, and use coordinates from the Protein Data Bank to explore a structure and make figures. Topics covered will include non-covalent interactions, modeling point mutants, identifying binding pockets, making homology models, and calculating electrostatic surface potentials. Elective courses must be approved by preceptor; any member of the department may act as preceptor. Residents and advanced students who wish additional training may serve as teaching Assistants in Scientific Foundations of Medicine. Taught in cooperation with other faculty of the program in Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology by Dr. The objective of this course is to provide the basics of cell biology, including the structure, function, and biogenesis of cellular organelles. Also covered are essential concepts on the cytoskeleton, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, cell motility, chaperones, and protein turnover. Opportunities for training in cell and developmental biology, physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology are available for qualified predoctoral and postdoctoral students. This course addresses the pathways and mechanisms of membrane traffic (exocytosis and endocytosis) in eukaryotic cells. Topics include historical and current experimental approaches, as well as dissection of the pathways for cargo trafficking, signals on cargo proteins, and the required cellular machinery. The format will be a combination of lectures and student-led discussions of landmark and current papers. Modern biological research using fluorescence and confocal microscopy has grown tremendously, but the fundamental concepts are sometimes confusing. Not only covering the physics, optics and detector principles, a large portion of this class will cover image processing, including quantitative analysis of fluorescence images using modern analysis packages. Physics topics include the limit of optical resolution and impacts on digitization resolution. Optics topics include the comparison of wide-field, laser-scanning and spinning disk confocals. Quantitative analysis of images range from implications of digitization, image enhancement, to computer-mediated image interpretation, including colocalization analysis. In this course, we will explore the fundamental mechanisms of the cytoskeleton that the cell uses to drive motility and dynamic shape changes. We will emphasize the breadth of research on the cytoskeleton ranging from classic studies of muscle, cytoskeletal structure, enzymological and single molecule studies of motor proteins, rheology, polymer dynamics, cytoskeletal signaling, the cytoskeleton in disease, and chemical approaches to the cytoskeleton. The course format will be a combination of lecture and student-led discussions of hallmark papers. Topics include stem cell biology, cloning, and the relationship between development and disease in addition to the fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms that control the development of a mature organism from a single cell, the fertilized egg. Emphasis will be place on key experiments or experimental approaches that have yielded significant insight into developmental mechanisms. Some descriptive embryology will be discussed to provide an anatomical basis for the cellular and molecular mechanisms. McCollum Professor and Chair of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology the Department of Dermatology provides instruction directed at the basic science aspects of the skin and at clinical cutaneous disease during each of the medical school years. The emphasis of the department is upon the pathophysiology of cutaneous reaction patterns, a correlation of skin lesions (gross Pathology) with microscopic changes, the recognition and treatment of diseases that primarily affect the skin and the identification of skin changes that reflect diseases in other organ systems. Students are encouraged to participate in all didactic activities including Grand Rounds and faculty lectures during the time spent in the department. Prerequisites: Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Pathology, and Clinical Clerkship in Dermatology. Students may apply during their 3rd or 4th year for an elective in dermatopathology. Students will attend daily sign out where they will be exposed to a large volume of cases. Additional exposure will come through the use of study sets which are available to the students. The students will attend the Dermatology weekly Grand Rounds where they will see patients and participate in the discussion and presentation of the Pathology for those patients. Additionally, the students will attend two formal dermatopathology teaching sessions per week. Prerequisites: Internal Medicine, Surgery, and Pediatics Students may apply towards the end of their 3rd or 4th year of medical school for a clinical elective in dermatology where the focus is placed on intensive exposure to a large number of patients in different clinical settings. Students will spend time exclusively at the Johns Hopkins facilities (Outpatient Center, Greenspring Station, Bayview Medical Center and Harriett Lane Pediatric Center). Our clinical services at these locations provide an excellent opportunity for students to interact with different types of patients and to be exposed to a wide range of skin problems. Parallel to the clinical activities, there are didactic sessions most mornings and occasionally at the end of the workday as well. Formal lectures on basic dermatology topics are given by dermatology residents and sessions at a more advanced level are taught by faculty members. No formal exam is given and grading is based on the evaluations submitted by residents and faculty members. Students who have already taken the basic elective in dermatology and who are interested in a specific area of Dermatology, in dermatology research, and students interested in pursuing dermatology as a career may benefit from this elective. This elective gives the student the opportunity for more "in depth" participation in specific areas of interest within the department of Dermatology under guidance of a faculty mentor. Arrangements have to be made between the interested student and the faculty member who will be mentoring him/her. Further development of clinical reasoning/problem solving skills and selected procedural skills will be emphasized. Upon completion of this elective, students will demonstrate competency in the recognition and initial stabilization of life threats in trauma and non-trauma patients. This elective course is offered to any medical student with specific research interests in emergency medicine. Students are given the opportunity to participate in original or on-going research projects with a faculty member in the Department of Emergency Medicine. During the summer a specific course teaches the fundamentals of clinical research while engaging in a research project designed as part of the curriculum. Offered all year except July; 4 1/2 weeks; 12 students per half quarter; one month drop. During the clerkship, students work closely with Emergency Medicine faculty and resident staff focusing on the initial assessment, management, stabilization and resuscitation of patients presenting to the Emergency Department. Appropriate history-taking and physical diagnosis, recognition of life-threats, rationale for ordering ancillary laboratory and radiographic tests, and a systematic approach to evaluating and stabilizing acute medical and surgical emergencies are emphasized. The students will be expected to attend a comprehensive lecture series as well as a variety of small group sessions, and department conferences. Students will rotate through the Johns Hopkins Bayview and Johns Hopkins Hospital Emergency Department, where they will be encouraged to manage their own patients in the context of a supervised physician team. In this clerkship students can expect to develop the skills and knowledge to independently care for patients with a wide variety of emergency problems. Prerequisite: Basic Clerkships in Surgery, Medicine, and Emergency Medicine; Ob/Gyn strongly recommended. The department offers a required course, Clinical Epidemiology (described below), for first year students in the School of Medicine. In addition, elective opportunities, both formal courses and tutorials, are available. Interested students should consult the School of Public Health catalog for information on course offerings and areas of research represented in the department. A valuable resource for students is the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research which is located on the second floor of 2024 East Monument Street. Interested students are invited to contact the center regarding additional educational and research opportunities in clinical epidemiology. The department offers a wide range of training opportunities in cancer epidemiology, cardiovascular diseases, aging and related disorders, vision and ophthalmology, genetics, infectious diseases, and occupational and environmental epidemiology, as well as extensive coursework in methodology. Students may undertake tutorials under the supervision of a member of the Department of Epidemiology faculty. These programs are individually planned and consist of reading in specific areas of epidemiologic and clinical interest or may comprise participation in research activities underway in the department. Lectures emphasize important aspects of descriptive and functional anatomy, embryology, introductory medical imaging, and clinical applications, and are given by the anatomy faculty, as well as a number of clinicians. In addition, small group activities will often be centered on clinical case histories of relevance to human anatomy. They will emphasize both team-work and reiteration of key concepts from different perspectives. Students are assessed with three written knowledge tests, as well as participation in lab, lab presentations, and team-based learning. A survey of the recent and fossil orders of mammals, focusing on comparative skeletal and dental anatomy. Readings will be supplemented by regular examination of recent and fossil specimens and weekly discussions. Bone material and geometric properties, structural remodeling and adaptation to the mechanical environment. This course covers a variety of topics in evolutionary biology: biotic variation and diversity, development, natural selection, speciation theory, systematics, and macroevolution, among other subjects. This course surveys the mammalian order primates beginning with the origin of the group and ending with a brief survey of modern primates. Topics include the definition of primates, archaic primates, the first modern primates, oligocene primates and the origin of monkey and apes, the miocene hominoid radiation, the plio-pleistocene radiation of old world monkeys, and human ancestors. This course is organized around a series of lectures (anatomical, functional, and clinical), small group activities, and intensive laboratory experience in dissection, accompanied by regular readings in the text. A research question or topic is chosen, appropriate data are collected, analysis is done and a report is written. Different types of data will be discussed, including landmark coordinate data, outlines, and surfaces. The theory underlying different analytical approaches will be described and discussed. Course will explore the anatomy and physiology of a number of sensory modalities including hearing, balance, olfaction, and vision. The course will focus on systems where the comparative anatomy and ecology are both well-known. Special attention will be given to osteological correlates used to reconstruct behavior in the fossil record. Readings and discussions in this course will cover theoretical concepts of covariation structure, statistical methodology, and a broad survey of the many ways in which morphological integration and modularity have been used. This seminar will consider the intersection of evolution and developmental biology. The remainder will read the current literature to understand how developmental biology is informing and changing the way evolutionary biology is studied. This approach, otherwise known as the phylogenetic systematics, includes discussions of homology, the hierachy of evolutionary common descent, parsimony, and computer algorithms that facilitate modern cladistic studies. This course provides a detailed review of the evolution of Mesozoic Ornithodira including dinosaurs, stressing their comparative and functional anatomy, systematics, stratigraphy, and biogeography. In this course students will learn techniques that are used to quantify and compare shapes. The goal of genetic medicine is to tailor prevention, diagnosis and treatment in a manner appropriate for each individual patient. Moreover, our faculty members have considerable strengths and expertise in the areas of genomics, developmental genetics, biochemical genetics, population genetics, computational biology and the genetics of complex disease. The training experience also emphasizes the role of research in Medical Genetics so that trainees can pursue investigator-initiated research upon completion of the program. Course may be taken at any time from the fourth quarter of the second year through the third quarter of the fourth year. Students are encouraged to complete this clerkship during the second or third year. Clinical experience in obstetrics will include antepartum, labor and delivery, as well as postoperative postpartum care. Clinical experience in gynecology will include care of inpatients and outpatients. In this clinical experience the student will function as a house officer at the first year level on the reproductive endocrinology service. The student will be responsible for providing inpatient and outpatient care to the patients who present to the respective services for care.
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [1994; 1987] Geoffrey Shiu Fei Ling erectile dysfunction for young males kamagra polo 100mg, M erectile dysfunction pump infomercial purchase kamagra polo 100 mg mastercard. Adjunct Associate Professor of Neurology [2007] erectile dysfunction treatment medications kamagra polo 100mg otc, Adjunct Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2007] Paul H protein shake erectile dysfunction generic kamagra polo 100 mg with mastercard. Associate Professor of Oncology [2010; 2000] erectile dysfunction doctors in charleston sc 100 mg kamagra polo with amex, Associate Professor of Pediatrics [2010; 2000] Christine H erectile dysfunction doctors in south africa buy cheap kamagra polo 100 mg on line. Associate Professor of Urology [2011; 2005] erectile dysfunction natural foods 100mg kamagra polo with mastercard, Associate Professor of Oncology [2011; 2009] erectile dysfunction drugs singapore purchase kamagra polo 100mg, Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences [2010] Leo Luznik, M. Associate Professor of Radiology [2008; 2000], Assistant Professor of Urology [2008] Donna Lynn Magid, M. Associate Professor of Radiology [1990; 1983], Associate Professor of Functional Anatomy and Evolution [2009], Joint Appointment in Orthopaedic Surgery [1986] Thomas H. Associate Professor of Radiology [2008; 1996], Associate Professor of Medicine [2008; 2007] Ernest Mark Mahone, Ph. Associate Professor of Surgery [2011; 2005] (from 10/01/2011), Assistant Professor of Surgery [2005] (to 09/30/2011) Yukari Carol Manabe, M. Associate Professor of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology [2005; 1996], Associate Professor of Neurology [2007], Associate Professor of Pathology [2005; 1996] Nicholas John Maragakis, M. Visiting Associate Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation [2011] Joseph E. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [1998; 1990], Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [1998; 1992] Michael Robert Marohn, D. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2008; 1998], Assistant Professor of Surgery [2001] Ranjiv Ignatius Mathews, M. Adjunct Associate Professor of Urology [2004; 2000], Adjunct Associate Professor of Pediatrics [2004; 2000] Brian Richard Matlaga, M. Associate Professor of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology in Genetic Medicine [2009; 2003], Research Associate in Medicine [2000] Russell McCally, Ph. Associate Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [2006; 1980] Timothy James McCulley, M. Associate Professor of Neurology [2004], Associate Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation [2004] Sharon McGrath-Morrow, M. Associate Professor of Radiology [2005; 2003], Associate Professor of Oncology [2009] Joshua Todd Mendell, M. Associate Professor of Ophthalmology [2005; 1997], Associate Professor of Oncology [2005; 1999] William T. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [1994; 1985], Associate Professor of Surgery [1999] E. Associate Professor of Pathology [1984; 1973], Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering [1984; 1976], Joint Appointment in Health Sciences Informatics [2001] Francis D. Associate Professor of Neurology [2007; 2003], Associate Professor of Neuroscience [2007; 2003] Stanley L. Associate Professor of Neurology [2006; 1997], Joint Appointment in Psychiatry [2005] Morton Maimon Mower, M. Associate Professor of Medicine [2010; 2003], Associate Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation [2010; 2008] Georges Jabboure Netto, M. Associate Professor of Pathology [2005], Associate Professor of Oncology [2008], Associate Professor of Urology [2007] Alicia Neu, M. Associate Professor of Psychiatry [2011; 1994] (from 10/01/2011), Assistant Professor of Psychiatry [1996] (to 09/30/2011) David Edward Newman-Toker, M. Associate Professor of Neurology [2010; 2002], Joint Appointment in Emergency Medicine [2006], Joint Appointment in Health Sciences Informatics [2002], Joint Appointment in Ophthalmology [2002], Associate Professor of OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery [2010; 2002] Quan Dong Nguyen, M. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2008; 1994], Assistant Professor of Pathology [2006], Assistant Professor of Pediatrics [2002] Edward J. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2001; 1991] Frances J. Associate Professor of Neurology [2000; 1993], Joint Appointment in Medicine [2006], Associate Professor of Neuroscience [2000; 1999] Michael F. Associate Professor of Oncology [2006], Joint Appointment in Health Sciences Informatics [2009] Nael Fakhry Osman, Ph. Associate Professor of Radiology [2006; 2000], Joint Appointment in Medicine [2007] Rick Ostrander, Ed. Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2011; 2007], Associate Professor of Oncology [2011; 2009] Lawrence C. Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [1999; 1987] Carlos A. Associate Professor of Neurology [2007; 1999], Assistant Professor of Pathology [1999] Rulan Savita Parekh, M. Adjunct Associate Professor of Pathology [2005; 1984], Adjunct Associate Professor of Medicine [2005; 1988] L. Adjunct Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [1993; 1985] Christian Paul Pavlovich, M. Associate Professor of Surgery [2008; 2005], Associate Professor of Oncology [2008; 2007] Jennifer Lanier Payne, M. Associate Professor of Psychiatry [2011; 2003] (from 10/01/2011), Assistant Professor of Psychiatry [2003] (to 09/30/2011) David B. Associate Professor of Medicine [1989; 1979], Associate Professor of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences [1999] Jonathan A. Associate Professor of Psychiatry [2011], Joint Appointment in Health Sciences Informatics [2001], Associate Professor of Neuroscience [2003; 1995] Timothy H. Associate Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation [2003; 1994], Associate Professor of Pediatrics [2003; 1996] Roberto Pili, M. Associate Professor of Psychiatry [2008; 1999], Associate Professor of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology [2009], Associate Professor of Neuroscience [2009] Gary D. Associate Professor of Oncology [2008; 2001], Associate Professor of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences [2008; 2001] Sarah Louise Poynton, Ph. Associate Professor of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology [2005; 1989], Associate Professor of Art as Applied to Medicine [2005; 2004] Kenzie L. Visiting Associate Professor of Behavioral Biology in the Department of Psychiatry [2002; 1984] Annelle B. Associate Professor of Ophthalmology [2010; 2002], Associate Professor of Oncology [2010; 2008] Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa, M. Visiting Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences [2011], Visiting Associate Professor of Oncology [2011], Visiting Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2011] Jeffrey J. Associate Professor of Radiology [2008; 2000], Associate Professor of Oncology [2008; 2001] Vani Arakeri Rao, M. Associate Professor of Dermatology [2002; 1999], Associate Professor of Medicine [2011; 1999], Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2002; 1999], Assistant Professor of Pathology [1996] William J. Associate Professor of Medicine [1990; 1981], Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [1998] Richard J. Associate Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [2009; 2003], Associate Professor of Pediatrics [2009; 2005] William G. Associate Professor of Psychiatry [2000; 1996], Associate Professor of Urology [2000; 1999] Jon R. Associate Professor of Medicine [2001; 2005], Associate Professor of Oncology [2001; 1997] Irving Michael Reti, M. Associate Professor of Psychiatry [2009; 2000], Associate Professor of Neuroscience [2009; 2007] Steven James Reynolds, M. Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery [2006; 1996], Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery [2006; 1996] Richard E. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2002], Associate Professor of Ophthalmology [2010] Courtney L. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2011; 2009], Assistant Professor of Pediatrics [2009] Alan L. Associate Professor of Cell Biology [2008; 2001], Associate Professor of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences [2008; 2007] Robert P. Associate Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [2009; 2003] Ronald Rodriguez, M. Associate Professor of Urology [2006; 1998], Associate Professor of Oncology [2006; 2000], Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences [2006; 2003] Annabelle Rodriguez-Oquendo, M. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2005; 2000], Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering [2007], Associate Professor of Cell Biology [2007], Associate Professor of Pediatrics [2005; 2000] Paul B. Associate Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [2011; 2004], Associate Professor of Oncology [2011; 2009] Richard E. Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine [2005; 1996], Joint Appointment in Medicine [2005] Stuart Dean Russell, M. Associate Professor of Medicine [1984; 1976], Associate Professor of Biological Chemistry [1984; 1980] Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri, Ph. Associate Professor of Psychiatry [1979; 1969], Associate Professor of Pediatrics [1986; 1969] Sarbjit Singh Saini, M. Associate Professor of Art as Applied to Medicine [2007; 1990] Adam Sapirstein, M. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2009; 2002], Assistant Professor of Surgery [2003] John R. Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2008; 1993], Assistant Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [1982], Associate Professor of Surgery [2008; 1990] Edward Matthew Schaeffer, M. Associate Professor of Urology [2011; 2007], Associate Professor of Oncology [2011; 2009] James F. Associate Professor of Medical Psychology in the Department of Psychiatry [1995; 1988], Associate Professor of Radiology [2003] John Thomas Schroeder, Ph. Associate Professor of Medicine [2005; 1996] (to 10/31/2011) Michael Craig Schubert, Ph. Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2010; 2004] Kenneth Charles Schuberth, M. Visiting Associate Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics [2001] Michael Schweitzer, M. Associate Professor of Genetic Medicine in the Department of Medicine [1988; 1979], Associate Professor of Oncology [1996] William Wallace Scott, Jr. Associate Professor of Radiology [1984; 1975], Joint Appointment in Orthopaedic Surgery [1986] Jodi Beth Segal, M. Associate Professor of Medicine [1995; 1986], Associate Professor of Oncology [1995; 1987] Deborah Elaine Sellmeyer, M. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [1998; 1989], Associate Professor of Pediatrics [2001; 1991] James S. Associate Professor of Oncology [2005; 1993], Associate Professor of Dermatology [2005] Dipali Sharma, Ph. Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2002; 1994], Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering [2002; 1992] Michele Arlene Shermak, M. Associate Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [2006; 2000] Sheila Sheth, M. Associate Professor of Radiology [1995; 1986], Associate Professor of Pathology [2004] Larissa Akimi Shimoda, Ph. University Distinguished Service Associate Professor of Breast Cancer in the Department of Surgery [2010; 2006], Associate Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics [2010; 2007] Khan M. Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering [2009], Associate Professor of Radiology [2011] Edward M. Adjunct Associate Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [2009; 2000] Wayne Silverman, Ph. Associate Professor of Psychiatry [1999; 1987], Associate Professor of Pediatrics [1999; 1989] Beth S. Associate Professor of Medical Psychology in the Department of Psychiatry [2009; 1997], Associate Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation [2010] Barbara Lynn Stauch Slusher, Ph. Associate Professor of Neurology [2009], Joint Appointment in Psychiatry [2010] B. Associate Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics [1996; 1987] Duane Thomas Smoot, M. Associate Professor of Medicine [2011; 2005], Associate Professor of Oncology [2011; 2005] Shanthini Sockanathan, Ph. Associate Professor of Pathology [2005; 1997], Associate Professor of Oncology [2005; 2000], Associate Professor of Urology [2005; 2000] Barry Scott Solomon, M. Associate Professor of Ophthalmology [2009; 2000], Occupying the Katherine Graham Chair in Ophthalmology Danny Yeong Song, M. Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences [2010; 2004], Associate Professor of Oncology [2010; 2004], Associate Professor of Urology [2010; 2004] Samuel Sostre, M. Associate Professor of Psychiatry [2004; 1995], Assistant Professor of Neurology [1995] Forrest Spencer, Ph. Associate Professor of Medicine in Genetic Medicine [2002; 1992], Joint Appointment in Molecular Biology and Genetics [1992] Philip Joel Spevak, M. Associate Professor of Pediatrics [1995], Joint Appointment in Medicine [2001] Peter Michael Spooner, Ph. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [1998; 1993] Vered Stearns, M. Associate Professor of Oncology, Occupying the Breast Cancer Research Chair in Oncology [2005; 2002] Joseph P. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2009; 2003], Assistant Professor of Neurological Surgery [2004], Assistant Professor of Neurology [2004], Associate Professor of Radiology [2010] Michael Blake Streiff, M. Associate Professor of Medicine [2008; 1997], Instructor in Pathology [2000] Raymond Arthur Sturner, M. Visiting Associate Professor of Biological Chemistry [1998; 1991] Prem Sagar Subramanian, M. Associate Professor of Ophthalmology [2007], Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery [2010], Associate Professor of Neurology [2010] Ian Suk, B. Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery [2009; 2002], Associate Professor of Art as Applied to Medicine [2009; 2002] Mark Sebastian Sulkowski, M. Associate Professor of Medicine [2004; 1998] (to 09/15/2011) Charlotte Jane Sumner, M. Associate Professor of Neurology [2011; 2006] (from 10/01/2011), Assistant Professor of Neurology [2006] (to 09/30/2011), Associate Professor of Neuroscience [2011; 2010] (from 10/01/2011), Assistant Professor of Neuroscience [2010] (to 09/30/2011) Zhaoli Sun, M. Associate Professor of Behavioral Biology in the Department of Psychiatry [1997; 1989] Karen Lee Swartz, M. Associate Professor of Medicine [2011; 2003] (from 10/01/2011), Assistant Professor of Medicine [2003] (to 09/30/2011) Yuan-Xiang Tao, M. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2004; 1999] David R. Associate Professor of Medicine [2006; 1995], Joint Appointment in Health Sciences Informatics [2001] Chloe Lynne Thio, M. Adjunct Associate Professor of Health Sciences Informatics [2005] Elaine Tierney, M. Associate Professor of Pathology [2006; 2001], Associate Professor of Oncology [2009] Timothy R. Associate Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics [2004; 1997], Associate Professor of Oncology [2004; 1998], Associate Professor of Pathology [2005] Edward Lloyd Trimble, M. Associate Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics [1998; 1992], Associate Professor of Oncology [1998] Theodore N. Associate Professor of Surgery [2002], Associate Professor of Oncology [2004] Chung-Ming Tse, Ph. Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2006; 2000] Anthony P. Associate Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [2008; 1998], Associate Professor of Oncology [2008; 2005] Pamela Lynne Tuma, Ph. Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [1997; 1989], Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2006], Associate Professor of Pediatrics [1997; 1994] Sinisa Urban, Ph. Associate Professor of Molecular Biology and Genetics [2010; 2006] Alexandra Valsamakis, M. Associate Professor of Pathology [2008; 2003], Associate Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics [2010; 2005] Robert W. Associate Professor of Urology [2003; 2002], Associate Professor of Oncology [2009] Stanley A. Associate Professor of Cardiac Surgery [2009; 2002], Assistant Professor of Pediatrics [2007] Kathryn Rae Wagner, M. Associate Professor of Neurology [2006; 2000], Associate Professor of Neuroscience [2009; 2007] Allen R. Associate Professor of Medicine [1982; 1976], Associate Professor of Radiology [1998] Tian-Li Wang, Ph. Associate Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics [2010; 2003], Associate Professor of Oncology [2010; 2004] Timothy S. Associate Professor of Dermatology [2003; 1997], Associate Professor of Pathology [2010] Andrew C. Associate Professor of Behavioral Biology in the Department of Psychiatry [2004; 1995] Stephen T. Associate Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation [1995] Robert Stephen Weinberg, M. Associate Professor of Neurology [2007; 1994], Associate Professor of Neuroscience [2007; 2001] Bradford D. Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2011; 1997], Assistant Professor of Neurological Surgery [1998], Assistant Professor of Neurology [1998], Assistant Professor of Surgery [2001] Timothy Francis Witham, M. Associate Professor of Neurology [2003; 1992], Associate Professor of Medicine [2005; 1992] Andrew Wolfe, Ph. Associate Professor of Pediatrics [2011; 2006], Assistant Professor of Physiology [2008] Antonio Carlos Wolff, M. Associate Professor of Surgery [2011; 2004], Associate Professor of Oncology [2011; 2008], Associate Professor of Pathology [2011] Jean-Paul Wolinsky, M. Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery [2010; 2004], Associate Professor of Oncology [2010; 2009] Amina Sarah Woods, Ph.
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